r}q @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
!= ;Nofg lhNnf bf/dfsf]6 uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ cfOt' cf]nLnfO{ uP /flt g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+u7g jfO=l;=Pn= sf c/fhs Ps ;d"xn] s'6lk6 u/L ;Vt 3fO{t] jgfO{ b'O{ j6f s/Ë / 6fpFsf] km'6fO{ cr]t cj:yfdf kmfn]sf 5g\ .
@= lxhf] r}q @# ut] wflbË lhNnf gnfª\ uflj;df cfkm\g} 3/df jl; /x]sf] cj:yfdf Pdfn]sf] cfqmd0fjf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf 7fs'/ l;njfn, /fdrGb| /]UdL nufot ^ hgf sfo{stf{ ;Vt 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . o;}ul/, wflbË lhNnf vfN6] uf=lj=;= ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/sf] qmddf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{åf/f g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lgns07 uflj;sf k"j{ cWoIf gGb k|;fb l/hfn / x:tjxfb'/ du/nfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g . pkrf/sf] nfuL sf7df08f} Nofpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] o; ;'lgof]lht cfk/flws sfo{nfO g]kfnL sfFu|]; lx+;fsf andf hgdt k|efljt ug]{ b'ir]i6f 7fGb5 . 36gfdf ;+nUg cfqmd0fsf/Lx?nfO{ t'?Gt s8f sf/afxL ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] tTsfn k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/ ;dIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf b]zJofkL ?kdf j9b} uO/x]sf] hg;dy{g / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;'lglZrt ljhojf6 cQflnPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx? dfly ;f+3flts ?kdf cfqmd0fdf plqPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs 36\gfx?sf] lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} 36gfdf ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfO{ ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :yf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @$, @)^
k|]; lj1lKt
!= jfUn'Ë lhNnf If]q g++ @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k|ToIf pDd]bjf/ dl0feb| zdf{ sF8]nsf] k|rf/ 6f]nLdfly lxhf] /flt !@M)) ah]sf] ;dodf x'FUbLlz/ uf=lj=;= j8f g++ & df kg]{ af/fsf]6df u'Ktjxfb'/ sfnf k'gsf] 3/df ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]skf PsLs[tsf sfo{stf{ dbg sfnfsf] g]t[Tjdf v's'/L, efnf, rSs' / 5'/Lh:tf xftxltof/ ;lxt cfPsf] !@ hgfsf] ;d"xåf/f ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g . cfqmd0fdf k/L jif{ @% sf bL3{/fh sF8]n n]vfgL @, jif{ %) sf alneb| sF8]n n]vfgL @, jif{ #@ sf /fhg lh=;L= l;ufgf @ / jif{ @@ sf k|sfz If]qL k}o'Fkf6f @ ;Vt 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 . pQm 3fO{t] dWo] # hgfsf] cj:yf cToGt ulDe/ /x]sf] 5 . pkrf/sf] nfuL sf7df08f} Nofpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
@= uP /ftL l;Gw'nL lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf] hfuemf]nL /ftfdf6f uflj;sf] sf]6ufpFdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? jn/fd jfgLof ;lxt !& hgfnfO g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf c/fhs sfo{stf{x?n] ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g . s]lxsf] cj:yf cToGt ulDe/ 5 .

#= wflbË lhNnf vfN6] uf=lj=;= ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/sf] qmddf hgdf]rf{ Plss[tsf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g . pkrf/sf] nfuL sf7df08f} Nofpg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .
g]skf Plss[tsf] o; ;'lgof]lht cfk/flws sfo{nfO g]kfnL sfFu|]; lx+;fsf andf hgdt k|efljt ug]{ b'ir]i6f 7fGb5 . 36gfdf ;+nUg cfqmd0fsf/Lx?nfO{ t'?Gt s8f sf/afxL ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] tTsfn k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/ ;dIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf b]zJofkL ?kdf j9b} uO/x]sf] hg;dy{g / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;'lglZrt ljhojf6 cQflnPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx? dfly ;f+3flts ?kdf cfqmd0fdf plqPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs 36\gfx?sf] lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} 36gfdf ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfO{ ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :yf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
!= r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] qmddf Ko"7fg lhNnf If]q g++ @ sf pDd]bjf/ d'lQm k|;fb zdf{nfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf Ps ;d"xn] ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] 6fpFsf]df ulDe/ rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 .
@= ?kGb]xL l6s'nL If]q g+= # sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{sf] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] qmddf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] c/fhs Ps ;d"xn] nId0f ;'j]bL / /d]z cof{nnfO{ ckx/0f u/L c1ft :yndf nu]sf 5g\ .
#= g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+u7g g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 ?kGb]xLsf] k/;/L uflj; km'6]lkkndf cfof]hgf u/]sf] dlxnf e]nf tyf r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/ cleofgdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stfx?n] g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 lhNnf cWoIf tyf ;dfg'kfltssf pDd]bjf/ /df cof{nnfO{ ckx/0f ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ rf]nfsfGt j:ofn / hfg'sf j:ofnnfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf b]zJofkL ?kdf j9b} uO/x]sf] hg;dy{g / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;'lglZrt ljhojf6 cQflnPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx? dfly ;f+3flts ?kdf cfqmd0fdf plqPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs 36\gfx?sf] lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} 36gfdf ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfO{ ub}{ ckx/0fdf kg'{ ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] zL3| l/xfO{sf] dfu+ ub}{ 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :yf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
8f]6L lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/ >L bLnjxfb'/ jdn] ;fj{hlgs jQmJo hf/L u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{jf6 pQm lgjf{rg If]qdf pDd]bjf/ /xg' ePsf l;4/fh cf]emfnfO{ ljho u/fpg' cfJxfg ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L, g]kfnL hgtf kf6L{sf] tkm{jf6 ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf lrtjg lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g++ # / If]q g+= $ sf pDd]bjf/x? qmdzM >L uf]kfn k|;fb s8F]n / dfwj ;fksf]6fn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; / kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x? qmdzM ;'>L d}ofb]jL >]i7 / 6]s k|;fb u'?ËnfO{ ;dy{g u/L ljho jgfpg cfJxfg ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
!= gjnk/f;L lhNnf If]q g+= @ g]kfnL sfFu|];sL pDd]bjf/ cf]dsnf uf}td r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmddf cfh lbpF;f] sfjf;f]lt ysfnL rf}sdf ;s[o /xg' ePsf] cj:yfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf c/fhs p~5+vn ;d"xx?jf6 ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L pDd]bjf/ cf]dsnf uf}td ;lxt 8]9 bh{g kf6L{sf :yfgLo sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0fjf6 pxfFsf] ;fydf /x]sf] uf8L tyf df]6/ ;fOsndf ;d]t ulDe/ Iflt k'Ug uPsf] 5 . 3fOt]x? dWo] dfof gGb rfln;] ;lxt s]xLsf] cj:yf ulDe/ /x]sf] 5 .
@= ;f]n'v'Dj' lhNnf ltªnf uf=lj=;=df ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|rf/ k|;f/df /x]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ nlntjxfb'/ sfsL{sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf dfcf]jfbLsf] Ps ;d"xn] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ubf{ Ps hgf uDeL/ 3fO{t] eO{ :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{ egf{ x'g' ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf b]zJofkL ?kdf j9b} uO/x]sf] hg;dy{g / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;'lglZrt ljhojf6 cQflnPsf] dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{ tyf ;dy{sx? dfly ;f+3flts ?kdf cfqmd0fdf plqPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs 36\gfx?sf] lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} 36gfdf ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfO{ ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :yf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ r}q @* ut] x'g] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg :jtGq, lgikIf agfpg] /fhgLlts bn, g]kfn ;/sf/ / lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;+sNk / c7f]6 ljk/Lt g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf gfpFdf lgjf{rgdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx?n] ;"o{df dtbfg u/f}F eGg] Jofg/ ;lxt cfh sf:sLsf] kf]v/fdf h'n'; / cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf 5g\ . lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt lghfdlt ;]jf P]g ;d]tsf] lvnfkm x'g] u/L :jo+ sd{rf/Lx? gf/f h'n';;lxt kf6L{ ljz]ifnfO{ ef]6 dfUb} lx8\g' cToGt} cfklQhgs ljifo xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lj/f]w / lgGbf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / lgjf{rg cfof]usf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; Wofgfsif{0f ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

---

r}q @@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf] km'nlkª uf=lj=;=sf] gf}la;]6'lgaf]6 eGg] :yfgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ e'k]Gb|axfb'/ yfkf r9\g' ePsf] uf8LnfO{ nlIft ub}{ %)÷^) hgfsf] ;+Vofdf dfly 8fF8fdf /x]sf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] cfh laxfg !)M!% ah]lt/ 9'+ufd'9f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfF r9\g' ePsf] uf8Ldf Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
-@_ ¿s'd d'? uf=lj=;= # sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo ;b:o z]/axfb'/ cf]nLnfO{ lxhf] r}q @! ut] laxfg !) ah] ?3f uf=lj=;= cGtu{t ?ª?6 ahf/af6 dfcf]jfbLsf] Pl/of ;lrj ;+udsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf $)÷%) hgfsf] ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L c1ft :yntkm{ nu]sf / pxfFsf] l:ylt xfn;Dd klg c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
-#_ bf]nvf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] ;x/] uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= % df r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/df uPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ g]=s=kf=-Pdfn]_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] lxhf] r}q @! ut] s'6lk6 u/L s]xLnfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf
5g\ .
dfcf]jfbL / g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ af6 ePsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ /fd]5fk lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] lvDtL uf=lj=;=df cfh laxfg !! ah] dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ ab|L s]=;L= ;lxtsf] !)÷!@ hgfsf] xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf rGb|axfb'/ ;'gjf/ / csf{ Ps hgf nfO{ ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
-@_ ¿s'ddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf 6+saxfb'/ cf]nLnfO{ g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf pDd]bjf/sf ;fnf v]daxfb'/ /fgfsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] #)÷$) hgfsf] ;d"xn] lxhf] vf]nfufpF eGg] :yfgdf 5'/f k|xf/ u/L ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
/fd]5fkdf dfcf]jfbLaf6 / ?s'ddf g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ af6 ePsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
sf7df8f}F If]q g+= # sf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ -/fk|kf_ sf sfo{stf{x? cfh laxfg !! ah] ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|j]z ug]{x?df— sf7df8f}F lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o /fdaxfb'/ lji6, lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf If]qLo ;b:o sfG5f yfkf, afn'jf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt k|sfz lji6, pk;efklt /jLGb| kf}8]n, ufunkm]bL uf=lj=;=sf k"j{ j8f cWoIf /fdz/0f vqL, lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIf /fds[i0f sfsL{ x'g'x'G5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ /;'jf lhNnfsf] 3]u'Ë uf=lj=;=df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ ;fw'/fd kf}8]nnfO{ cfh g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] ;f+3flts ?kdf 5'/L k|xf/ / s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] v'§f efFlrPsf] 5, z/L/sf ljleGg efudf rf]6k6s nfu]sf] 5 . pxfF g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 /;'jf lhNnfsf cWoIfsf lktf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;lxt cGo b'O{ hgf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . 3fOt] tLg} hgfsf] clxn] :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
-@_ 88]Nw'/f lhNnfdf lxhf] r}q @) ut] dfcf]jfbLsf pDd]bjf/ / sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ vf]Hb} s'6lk6 ug'{sf ;fy} #) eGbf a9L sfo{stf{x?nfO{ hjh{:tL ufpFaf6 lgsfnf u/]sf 5g\ .
-#_ a}t8L lhNnfdf lxhf] r}q @) ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ wdf{gGb hf]zLnfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+:yf jfOl;Pnsf lhNnf OGrfh{ g/l;+x gufO/]sf] hTyfn] s'6lk6 u/L ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 ef]h/fh hf]zL / b'uf{bQ hf]zL 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 / xfn pxfFx?sf] :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
-$_ ;'g;/L lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= % sf] nf}sxL / klZrd s'zfxf uf=lj=;=df dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] lxhf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] em08f kmflnlbg], vf]:g] / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?dfly ufnL unf}h / ceb| Jojxf/ k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax'dtaf6 ljho x'g] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnP/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

---

r}q @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ nDh'ª a]zLzx/sf] km'naf/L eGg] 7fpFdf x'g nfu]sf] cfd;efdf hfg nfu]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? r9]sf] uf8LnfO{ cfh s/La !! -P3f/_ ah]b]lv dfcf]jfbLx?n] ljleGg :yfgx?df /f]sL cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . ;f] ;efnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt /fdrGb| kf}8]n, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;dfg'kfltssf pDd]bjf/ uug yfkfn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . pbLk'/ uf=lj=;=sf] 8'8s'nf] eGg] :yfgdf dfly 8fF8faf6 dfcf]jfbLx?n] 9'+ufd'9f u/L g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf b'O{ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ eg] uf8LnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . ;f] uf8Ldf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf /xg' ePsf ;b:o xl/eQm clwsf/L r9\g' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{, :yfgLo hgtf / ;'/IffsdL{sf] pkl:yltn] kl5 dfcf]jfbL efu]sf lyP .
-@_ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] lt+nf uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= # l:yt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ s]bf/eQm sfsL{sf] 3/df dfcf]jfbLsf dx]z sfsL{ / nlnt sfsL{sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] hTyfn] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] em08f ufl8 3/ ;d]t cfh sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L lxhf] ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= & l:yt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ kxndfg sfsL{sf] 3/df t]haxfb'/ /fO{ / nlnts'df/ sfsL{ gfd u/]sf :yfgLo dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?sf] hTyfn] 3/sf] dtfgdf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] em08f uf8L 3/ sAhf u/]sf 5g\ . s;}n] pSt em08f lems]df Hofg} dfg]{ wDsL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .
To;}u/L ;f]n'v'Da's} 5]:sfd uf=lj=;=df lxhf] r}q !( ut] r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmd ;sL /flt af; a;]sf] :yfgdf dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;dfg'kfltssf pDd]bjf/ uf]s0f{ /fO{, g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;"o{ /fO{, g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ;f]n'v'Da'sf cWoIf k|]d /fO{ ;d]tnfO{ cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ / af; a;]sf] 3/nfO{ ;d]t Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . cfqmd0f kZrft dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] cfwf/ If]qleq k|j]z gug{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ wDsL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .
;fy}, s]?ª uf=lj=;=df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ qmddf g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 ;f]n'v'Da'sL ;efklt k]df tfdfªsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] dlxnfx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ lxhf] dfcf]jfbLx?n] /f]sL ;fydf /x]sf] k|rf/ ;fdfu|Lx? tyf nQf sk8f ;d]t n'l6 nu]sf 5g\ .
-#_ afh'/fsf] ;]/fahf/ eGg] 7fpFdf lxhf] g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf b'O{ hgf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . Pdfn]sf sfo{stf{x?n] t/jf/ ;lxtsf 3/]n' xltof/x? cfqmd0fsf qmddf k|of]u u/]sf lyP .
-$_ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q g+= $ sf] sfFs8f eGg] :yfgsf] r'gfjL sfo{qmddf hfg nfUbf lxhf] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sL pDd]bjf/ lgd{nfb]jL pk|]tLnfO{ nlIft ub}{ 9'+ufd'9f u/L cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ eg] b'O{ hgf sfo{stf{ clxn];Dd klg ;Dks{ ljlxg ePsf 5g\ . 3fOt] Ps hgfnfO{ :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ x'Dnfsf] j/fxL uf=lj=;=df lxhf] r}q !( ut] a]n'sf % ah]lt/ dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ / dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf !( hgf sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljho ;'lglZrt ePsf] / g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfd hgtf dfFem k'lu/x]sf] b]Vg g;s]/ dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnPsf 5g\ / ljleGg k|sf/sf pQ]hs / c/fhs ultljlwnfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf dfcf]jfbLsf c/fhs ultljlwsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf pR5[+vn lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x÷JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / dfcf]jfbL nufotsf c/fhs ;d"xsf] cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] ePsf ;a}sf] zL3| / plrt :jf:Yof]krf/ tyf cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u
ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ a}t8Lsf] l;/sf]6 uf=lj=;=sf] vf]r]{n] eGg] :yfgdf r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/sf] l;nl;nfdf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf pDd]bjf/ ljgoWjh rGbnfO{ cfh 3]/fjGbL u/L cfqmd0f ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL sfo{stf{ / ;'/IffsdL{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
-@_ cf]vn9'+uf lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ Pj+ k"j{ uf=lj=;= cWoIf df]xg u'?ªnfO{ cGw]/L uf=lj=;=sf] sfo{Qm vf]nflg/ lxhf] dfcf]jfbLx?n] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] clxn] cf]vn9'+uf l:yt ld;g c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax'dtaf6 ljhoL x'g] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnP/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs / pR5[+vn lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ /;'jf lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ afnrGb| kf}8]ndfly dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / lx+>s ;d"xaf6 sflnsf:yfg, lhalha] eGg] :yfgdf r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmddf /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfh ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L pxfFnfO{ uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ul/Psf] pQm cfqmd0faf6 pxfFsf] 6fpFsf]df uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] / pxfFsf] cj:yf cToGt lrGtfhgs /x]sf] 5 . pQm 36\gfdf pxfF ;lxt kf6L{sf s/La Ps bh{g eGbf a9L sfo{stf{x? uDeL/ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . pDd]bjf/ kf}8]n ;lxt ;a} 3fOt]x?nfO{ tTsfn p4f/ u/L pkrf/fy{ sf7df8f}F Nofpg] tof/L e}/x]sf] 5 .
-@_ /fd]5fksf] If]q g+= @ sf] r'gfjL k|;f/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmddf uPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfh laxfg !! ah] dnjfhf]/ uf=lj=;=sf] 8f8fFdflyaf6 dfcf]jfbLx?n] 9'+ufd'9f u/]sf 5g\ . 9'+ufd'9faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf rf/ hgf sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
-#_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cldt nfdf / OGb|s'df/ >]i7nfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] cfh tgx'Fsf] 8'd|] afO;hfu/af6 ckx/0f ug'{sf ;fy} pxfFx?sf] ;fydf /x]sf] df]6/ ;d]t sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ .
-$_ wg'iff lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= & sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgfnfO{ nlIft ub}{ pxfFsf] hgsk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ efg'rf]s l:yt 3/ glhs} c1ft ;d"xn] ad ljikmf]6 u/fPsf 5g\ .

/fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{x?nfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{, ckx/0f ug]{, wDSofpg], ;ef ;Dd]ng nufotsf /fhgLlts k|rf/ k|;f/df /f]s nufpg] h:tf cfk/flws / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf lj?4sf lg/Gt/sf lqmofsnfkx?n] dfcf]jfbL :jtGq, lgikIf, wfFwnL/lxt / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g glbg] kIfdf /x]sf] :ki6 ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs ultljlw t'?Gt aGb ug{ af/Daf/ ;r]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ld;g g]kfn -cgldg_, lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox?nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLsf o; lsl;dsf s[ofsnfkx?dfly s8f lgu/fgL /fVg cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy}, dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] ePsfx? ;a}sf] plrt :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yf / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
cf]vn9'+uf lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] xs{k'/ uf=lj=;=sf] s'8'n] eGg] 7fpFdf cfh dfcf]jfbLx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f u/L Ps bh{g eGbf a9LnfO{ uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; xs{k'/ ufpF sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt k|]dk|;fb vltj8f, k"j{ uf=lj=;= cWoIf s'nk|;fb sf]O/fnf, uf]ljGb sf]O/fnf, 6]sk|;fb vltj8f, 6f]nk|;fb vltj8f, z]/axfb'/ sfsL{, ozf]wf vltj8f, ofbjk|;fb vltj8f, v]bk|;fb vltj8f nufotsf uDeL/ 3fOt] x'g'x'G5 eg] k|]dk|;fb vltj8fsf] l:ylt lrGtfhgs /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax'dtaf6 ljhoL x'g] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnP/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs / pR5[+vn lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;'g;/L lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf] sfof{nodf uP /flt !@ ah]/ !% ldg]6 hfFbf c1ft ;d"xn] ad ljikmf]6 u/fPsf 5g\ . ad ljikmf]6af6 nueu sfof{nosf] !% nfv a/fa/sf] kmlg{r/, ‰ofn9f]sf nufot ef}lts ;DklQ Iflt ePsf] 5 .
-@_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o Pj+ tgx'F If]q g+= ! sf pDd]bjf/ uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL lxhf] tgx'Fsf] aGbLk'/ uf=lj=;=df r'gfjL ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu To;tkm{ hfFb} ubf{ aGbLk'/—^, e'd;]{df dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ nlIft ub}{ uf]nL ;d]t rnfPsf lyP . 8fF8fdflyaf6 dfcf]jfbLx?n] 9'+ufd'9f k|xf/ u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sL ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/ kfj{tL /fgf du/ -pld{nf_ ;lxt Ps bh{g eGbf a9L sfo{stf{nfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLn] Jofks cj/f]w, sfnf] em08f k|bz{g tyf ;ef :ynnfO{ 3]/fjGbL u/]tf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] aGbLk'/df r'gfjL ;ef ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
-#_ uf]/vf If]q g+= # sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ lrgsfhL >]i7sf] 3/df lxhf] a]n'sf dfcf]jfbLx?n] tf]8kmf]8 u/L cfuhgLsf] k|of; ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] cfd;ef ;s]/ kms{g] qmddf ;of}Fsf] ;+Vofdf a]n'sf s/La % ah]b]lv /flt ( ah];Dd 3/ 3]/fp u/]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLn] 9'+uf k|xf/ u/L 3/sf] l;;f ;d]t km'6fOlbPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLn] 3/df cfuf] nufpg] k|of; u/]tf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ / ;'/IffsdL{sf] pkl:yltn] ;kmn x'g ;s]g . pQ/tkm{sf nfs]{, 5]sDkf/, dfGj', y'dL, nfk', nfk|fs, cf?rgf}6] nufotsf uf=lj=;=x?df r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/ gug{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] wDsL ;d]t lbP/ uPsf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg glhlsb} cfO/x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbL nufot c1ft ;d"xx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ nlIft ub}{ ljleGg k|sf/sf cfk/flws / lx+>s lqmofsnfknfO{ tLj|tf lb+b} uO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; To;sf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
/fd]5fk lhNnfsf] If]q g+= ! sf ljleGg ufpF–ufpFdf g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ lgjf{rg sfo{qmdx? gug{ / cfˆgf] cfwf/ Onfsf tTsfn 5f8\g g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ ufpF sld6Lx?n] r]tfjgLk"0f{ kq n]vL lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/df cj/f]w pTkGg u/]sf / bjfj lbO{ ufpF k|j]zdf /f]s nufPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; To;sf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd lge{otfsf ;fy ;+rfng ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ af6 cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3gsf o; lsl;dsf 36\gfx? af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/O{ /x]sf]df lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fi6«Lo tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox? / gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 .
b'/fufp ufpF sld6L / ltGk'+u ufpF sld6Lsf] tkm{af6 dfcf]jfbLx?n] /fd]5fk lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ cfª\6fjf z]kf{nfO{ lbPsf] kq
pk/f]Qm b'O{ kqdf n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fsf] k"0f{ c+z -h:tfsf] t:t}_
æclvn g]kfn lzIfs ;+u7g
ldlt M@)^$÷!@÷&
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cfª\6fjf tyf ;Dk"0f{ ldqx?, clejfbg .
ljz]if va/ oxfFx?sf] sfo{qmdsf] nflu oxfFx? pkl:yt eO/xg' ePsf] 5 / oxfFx?sf] sfo{qmd r}q ^ ut] wf]jLdf ;DkGg u/L ;Sg' ePsf] 5, To;}n] cGo uf=lj=;=x?df sfo{qmd ug'{sf lgldQ oxfFx?nfO{ cg'dlt lbOg]5}g . o;sf] sf/0f of] 5 ls of] e"ld kGw| xhf/ zxLbsf] /utn] /+luPsf] 5 . ;f]emf l;wf / OdfGbf/ dfG5]x?n] /ut kl;gf aufPsf] sf/0f h;n] Tof] jlnbfgnfO{ nTofpg vf]H5 lt dfG5]x?nfO{ oxfFsf hgtfx?n] s'g} klg ;dodf 5'6 lbOg] 5}g . To;}n] xfdLn] lxh} sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug{ lbO;s]sf xf}F / km]l/ klg log} j:tLx?df sfo{qmd u5'{ egL s'g} klg ;dodf g;Demg' xf]nf / of] kq kfP cg';f/ oxfFx? cufl8 a9\g' eof] eg] xfdL :jfut g} ug]{ 5f}F . km]l/ hjh{:tL 9+un] sfo{qmd ug]{ tof/L u/]sf] v08df 5'6 x'g] 5}g oxfFsf hgtfx? jlnbfg ug{ tof/ 5g\ . of] kq kfpgf;fy tkfO{x? cfˆgf] af6f] nfUg' xf]nf gnfu]sf] v08df h'g;'s} ;dodf klg ePsf] Ifltk"lt cfkm} Joxf]g{sf] nflu tof/ x'g hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
ltGk"+u ufpF kf6L{ sld6L, g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLÆ

æ>L 6fjf bfO{, gd:sf/ . ldlt @)^$÷!@÷%
ljz]if s'/f s] eg] tkfO{x?n] hgtfsf] aLrdf cfpFbf k'ln; lnP/ cfpg' ePsf] 5 /] hgtfsf] aLrdf ;frf] / Pyf{t ef]6 dfUg cfpg' ePsf] xf] eg] k'ln; lkmtf{ ug'{ xf]nf / sfo{qmd ug'{ xf]nf . cGoyf xfdL klg jfO=;L=Pn k|of]u ug{ jfWo x'g]5f}F . of] uf=lj=;= dfcf]jfbLsf] cfwf/ If]q xf] a'‰g'xf]nf . — pxL, g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_, b'/fufpF ufpF sld6LÆ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; 88]Nw'/f lhNnf kf6L{ sfof{nodf cfh g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ nufotsf] c/fhs ;d"xaf6 cfqmd0f u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s/La Ps bh{g eGbf a9L :yfgLo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] agfpg'sf ;fy} kf6L{ sfof{nodf Jofks tf]8kmf]8 u/L Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L 88]Nw'/f lhNnfdf ;fdflhs sfo{sf nflu lqmofzLn u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf u|fdL0f dlxnf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfof{nodf ;d]t dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] tf]8kmf]8 / Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . sfof{nosf] sDo'6/ tf]8kmf]8 / gub ;d]t n'l6 nu]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / lgGbf ub{5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd gful/s zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !*, @)^$
k|]; jQmJo
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf / ;fk|bflos ;b\efjnfO{ ljyf]Ng] ;'lgof]lht p2]Zosf ;fy lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf & l:yt 5f]6] dl:hbdf xfn} u/fOPsf] ad ljikmf]6gsf] 36\gfaf6 b'O{ hgfsf] c;fdlos d[To' / s}of}F 3fOt] ePsf] 36gfaf6 d cToGt :tAw / b'MvL ePsf] 5' .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg glhs cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgjf{rgnfO{ c;kmn agfpg] / g]kfnL–g]kfnL aLrdf ;fDk|bflos b+uf e8\sfO{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj / PstfnfO{ ljyf]Ng] u/L hf];'s} af6 ul/Psf] lx+;fTds / lgGbgLo 36\gfsf] d 3f]/ lj/f]w ub{5' . o; b'Mvb 36\gfaf6 lgwg ePsfx?sf] cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]sfs"n kl/jf/nfO{ / l;+uf] d'l:nd ;d'bfonfO{ w}o{ /xg cfu|x ub}{ xflb{s ;dj]bgf / ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub{5' . ;fy} 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5' .
o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg cfk/flws ;d"xsf] kQf nufO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;'b[9 agfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

r}q !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; 88]Nw'/f lhNnf kf6L{ sfof{nodf cfh g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] pQ]hs, c/fhs / lx+>s ;d"xaf6 cfqmd0f u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s/La Ps bh{g eGbf a9L :yfgLo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] agfpg'sf ;fy} kf6L{ sfof{nodf Jofks tf]8kmf]8 u/L Iflt k'¥ofPsf
5g\ .
-@_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ?s'd lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o xs{l;+x vqLnfO{ r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] l;nl;nfdf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf dUdf uf=lj=;= ( 8fF8" ufpFdf cfh s/La !) ah] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf dgf]h clwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] !@÷!% hgfsf] c/fhs / pQ]hs ;d"xaf6 ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf kIfdf b]zJofkL hgnx/ pln{Psf] b]v]kl5 cQflnPsf dfcf]jfbL nufotsf ;d"xx?af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{, ;dy{s Pj+ kf6L{ sfof{nodf ;d]t lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfqmd0fsf 36\gfx? eO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf ultljlwx?sf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
88]Nw'/f / ?s'ddf ePsf pQm 36\gfx?df ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lrtjg lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf pDd]bjf/ Psgfy /fgfef6sf] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/df lx8]sf] uf8LnfO{ cfh laxfg *M$% ah] /Tggu/ gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !) sf] hL/f}gfrf]sdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] tf]8kmf]8 u/L Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; / :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ kl5 dfcf]jfbLx? ToxfFaf6 efu]sf lyP . sDAof6 8«]; nufP/ zlQmvf]/ SofDkaf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf @))÷#)) sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf 3/]n' xft–xltof/åf/f ;';lHht dfcf]jfbLx?n] lrtjgsf ljleGg :yfgx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? nufot :yfgLo dtbftfnfO{ t;f{pg], wDsfpg] h:tf cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf lqmofsnfkx? ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLsf] cfk/flws / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf lj?4sf lg/Gt/sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs ultljlw t'?Gt aGb ug{ af/Daf/ ;r]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ld;g g]kfn -cgldg_, lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox?nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLsf o; lsl;dsf lqmofsnfkx?dfly s8f lgu/fgL /fVg cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy}, zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos kxn ug{ klg df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; kj{tåf/f lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ k"j{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ cfh ks'jf uf=lj=;=—^ df cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t r'gfjL cfd;efsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ c;kmn agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy dfcf]jfbLx?åf/f pQm uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= % / ^ df dfr{ kf; u/L :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfd;efdf ;xefuL gx'g r]tfjgL lb+b} cj/f]w v8f u/]sf / ql;t agfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . pQm cfd;efsf] sfo{qmddf rf/}lt/af6 xhf/f}Fsf] ;+Vofdf :yfgLojf;Lx? ;xefuL aGg yfn]kl5 cQflnPsf] dfcf]jfbLn] sfo{qmddf cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] lyof] . /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{x?nfO{ s'6lk6 ug]{, ckx/0f ug]{, wDSofpg], ;ef ;Dd]ng nufotsf /fhgLlts k|rf/ k|;f/df /f]s nufpg] h:tf cfk/flws / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf lj?4sf lg/Gt/sf lqmofsnfkx?n] dfcf]jfbL :jtGq, lgikIf, wfFwnL/lxt / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g glbg] kIfdf /x]sf] :ki6 ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / c/fhs ultljlw t'?Gt aGb ug{ af/Daf/ ;r]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ld;g g]kfn -cgldg_, lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox?nfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLsf o; lsl;dsf s[ofsnfkx?dfly s8f lgu/fgL /fVg cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy}, zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ;/sf/;Fu cfjZos kxn ug{ klg df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] gd"gf dflgg] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf lxhf] r}q !^ ut] ;fFem lj/f6gu/sf] ;/f}lrof l:yt dl:hbdf ePsf] ad ljikmf]6gsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / ;f] ljikmf]6gdf lgwg ePsf lkm/f]h vfg / O/fsL vfgk|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} 3fOt] x'g]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
o:tf c;fdflhs tyf hftLo ;b\efj ljyf]Ng] vfnsf lqmofsnfk ug]{ u/fpg]sf] zL3| klxrfg u/L s8f sfjf{xL ug{ ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 / o:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 xtf]T;fxL geO{ ;bf em}F ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ug{ O:nfd wdf{jnDjL nufot ;a} g]kfnLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
gjnk/f;L lhNnf If]q g+= ! lzjdlGb/ uf=lj=;=sf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ ;dly{t @& -;QfO;_ hgf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x? kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|j]z ug]{x?df lji0f' kf08], hLjg k|wfg, k|sfz u'?Ë, ;/f]h Gof}kfg], gj/fh If]qL, ;Gtf]if Gof}kfg], OZj/ >]i7, k|sfz /fgf, uf]/] u'?Ë, s]zj k'g, s]zj e§, t'naxfb'/ /fgf, dbg u'?Ë, e'jg/fh /fgf, dbg dxTj, s]zj s]=;L=, /lj kf}8]n, k|sfz u'?Ë, ljzfn k'g, lbg]z u'?Ë, k|r08 k|wfg, v]d u'?Ë, xl/ ;'j]bL, lj? u'?Ë, cDd/l;+x g]kfnL / g]q axfb'/ cfn] /x]sf 5g\ .
gjk|j]zLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ ;f] lgjf{rg If]qsf kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ 8f=zzf+s sf]O/fnfn] Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr kf6L{sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{eof] . kf6L{df k|j]z ug]{x? cfh} b]lv g} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/ cleofgdf ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\ .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;'g;/L lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ cAb'Nnf dG;'/nfO{ lxhf] /flt s/La (M#) ah]lt/ dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf sfo{stf{x?n] uf]nL xfgL xTof ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pxfF lgjf{rg If]q g+= % sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ ;'hftf sf]O/fnfnfO{ e]6]/ Og¿jfaf6 kmls{/x]sf] cj:yfdf g/l;+x uf=lj=;=df kmf]/dsf sfo{stf{x?n] uf]nL xfg]sf lyP . pxfFsf] lt3|fdf uf]nL nfu]sf] 5 / clxn] c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
To:t} lxhf] ;fFem pDd]bjf/ ;'hftf sf]O/fnfsf] r'gfjL k|rf/df lx8]sf] uf8LnfO{ dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf sfo{stf{x?n] /f]sL uf8Ldf /x]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ uf8Laf6 cf]/fnL uf8Ldf cfuf] nufpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ / 7"nf] ;+Vofdf :yfgLo JolQmx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]n] uf8L cfuf] nfUgaf6 ar]sf] lyof] .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg glhlsb} uO/x]sf] a]nf s'g} cfk/flws lqmofsnfk a9\b} uPsf] / r'gfjL k|ltikwf{df plqPsf bnx?af6 g} cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf lqmofsnfk x'g uO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; To;sf] 3f]/ lj/f]w / lgGbf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg, ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ sfjf{xL ug{ / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/fpg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 plrt Joj:yfsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

r}q !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] cleofgdf l/kf]6{;{ Sna g]kfnsf cWoIf Clif wdnfsf] g]t[Tjdf b]zofqfdf lx8]sf] l/kf]6{;{ Sna g]kfnsf] 6f]nLdfly ;'g;/Lsf] Og?jfdf dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf sfo{stf{x?n] cfqmd0f u/]sfdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . cfqmd0faf6 pxfFx? r9]sf] ;jf/L ;fwgdf ;d]t Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
cfqmd0fsf/Ln] ;jf/L /f]sL wdnf;lxt kqsf/x? wd{/fh clwsf/L, sGx}of u'Ktf / / bLk]Gb|/fh kf}8]nsf ;lxt rfns s'df/ >]i7dfly b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf 5g\ . k|]; kf; b]vfpFbf b]vfpFb} klg kmf]/dsf sfo{stf{x?n] kqsf/nfO{ emg\ 5f8\b}gf}F egL xftkft u/]sf lyP . of] k|]; :jtGqtfdflysf] cfqmd0f xf] / o:tf lqmofsnfk ug]{x? lj?4 s8f sfg"gL sfjf{xL x'g'k5{ eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL, cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o Pj+ Onfd If]q g+= # sf pDd]bjf/ s'naxfb'/ u'?ªnfO{ nlIft u/L lxhf] a]n'sf s/La &M!% ah] c1ft ;d"xn] 9'+uf d'9f u/]sf 5g\ . dxfdGqL s'naxfb'/ u'?ª ;lxt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? Onfd If]q g+= # sf] rd}6f uf=lj=;=sf] sfo{qmd ;s]/ kmls{/xsf] a]nf aa{6] uf=lj=;=sf] Onfd lkmlbd lkr ;8sdf c1ft ;d"xn] 9'+ufd'9f u/L cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . pxfF ;'/lIft x'g'x'G5 .
-@_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf :ofd'n] uf=lj=;= df cfh laxfg s/La !) ah] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf qmddf uPsf sfo{stf{x? r9]sf] uf8L 3/]n' xltof/åf/f ;';lHht !%÷@) hgf :yfgLo dfcf]jfbLx?n] /f]sL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ufpF k|j]z ug{af6 /f]s nufO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . ;f] uf=lj=;= j/Lkl/sf If]qx?df s'g} klg k|rf/ k|;f/sf ;fdfu|Lx? n}hfg gkfOg] / r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ cfPdf sfjf{xL ul/g] dfcf]jfbLx?n] wDsL lb+b} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{dfly ceb| Jojxf/, ufnL unf}h h:tf cfrf/;+lxtfsf ljk/Ltsf lqmofsnfk dfcf]jfbLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ .
s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnn] zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/dfly dfcf]jfbL / ;+ljwfg;ef lj/f]wLx?n] cj/f]w k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; Onfd / l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf 36]sf 36\gfx?sf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x÷JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ tyf plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/ / ;Dj4 ;a} kIfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
sflnsf]6 lhNnf h'lnof uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?— lgd{n zfxL nufot $ hgfnfO{ lxhf] dfcf]jfbLsf pDd]bjf/ v8\uaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ -k|sf08_ sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . ckxl/t # hgfsf] l:ylt clxn];Dd klg c1ft /x]sf] 5 eg] lgd{n zfxLnfO{ r/d oftgf lbO{ kfvf uf=lj=;=df dfcf]jfbLsf] lgoGq0fdf /flvPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfd hgtf dfem k'lu/x]sf] b]Vg g;s]/ dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnPsf 5g\ / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ckx/0f ug]{ h:tf cToGt lgs[i6 / cfk/flws lqmofsnfknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ /x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] u}/ lhDd]jf/ lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} ckxl/t g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ / o:tf] lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg tyf cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . cfrf/;+lxtf lj/f]wL ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x÷JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} ckxl/t g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3÷;+:yfx/nfO{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;'g;/L lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= % w':sL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @, ^, & / * tyf j;Gtk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ sf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ tyf g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf sfo{stf{x? lxhf] r}q !$ ut] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|j]z ug]{x?df— w':sL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ af6 /fk|kfsf lgjt{dfg j8f cWoIf d+un p/fjsf] g]t[Tjdf j8f ;b:o ;lxt #% hgf / g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ af6 lzjs'df/ p/fFjsf] g]t[Tjdf !% hgfÙ ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= * d08n6f]naf6 /fk|kfsf ;Togf/fo0f d08n / l;+x]Zj/ d08nsf] g]t[Tjdf &) hgf tyf ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf] ;tf/6f]naf6 g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf ;lqmo ;b:o 8f= ;lt/ cG;f/L ;lxt !$ hgfÙ ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= & dnfxf6f]naf6 /fk|kfsf ;lqmo tyf k'/fgf sfo{stf{ ;f]vLnfn dnfxfsf] g]t[Tjdf () hgfÙ ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= ^ af6 g]=sf=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ d':nLd cG;f/L, hog'l2g cG;f/L nufot %% hgfÙ j;Gtk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ af6 /fk|kfsf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ z+s/ zdf{ x'g'x'G5 .
gjk|j]zLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, If]q g+= % sL pDd]bjf/ Pj+ ljgf ljefuLo dGqL ;'hftf sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{sf] em08f / Jofh lbO{ kf6L{df k|j]z u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ uf]/vf lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] 3}?gjtf;]df g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfh cfof]hgf ug{ nfu]sf] If]qLo cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ ;f] If]qsf pDd]bjf/ lr/~hLjL jfUn] / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfd;ef :yn;Dd hfg af6f]d} cj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . lgof]lht ?kdf lhNnfe/Laf6 xhf/eGbf a9Lsf] ;+Vofdf cfPsf ;z:q dfcf]jfbLx?n] af6f] cj?4 u/]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLx¿ cTofw'lgs xltof/ tyf 3/]n' xltof/x¿— v'8f, v's'/L, t/jf/ cflbaf6 ;';l~ht /x]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLx? 8fF8f dfly 9'+ufd'9f ;lxt a;]sf lyP . ;'/Iff lgsfon] cj/f]w x6fpg s/La $% ldg]6sf] k|of; u/]tf klg cj/f]w x6fpg g;sL ToxfFaf6 kms]{sf lyP . dfcf]jfbLx?af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{dfly /Qmkft x'g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;'/Iff lgsfon] kms{g cg'/f]w u/]kl5 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? ToxfFaf6 kms{g' ePsf] lyof] .
-@_ lxhf] ?s'd lhNnfsf] 6S;]/f uf=lj=;=df dfcf]jfbLx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] r'gfjL ;efdf hfg nfUg' ePsf /f;s'df/ a'9fnfO{ b'O{ 306f;Dd cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lnO{ ufpF k|j]z ug{ /f]s nufPsf 5g\ / pxfFnfO{ ToxfFaf6 kms{g jfWo kf/]sf 5g\ .
zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;ef ug{ kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/dfly / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt dfcf]jfbLx?n] 7f8f] pNn+3g ul//x]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{qmd lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ kfpg' kg]{df dfcf]jfbLx? r'gfjdf k/flht x'g nfu]sf] cfefif ePkl5 ljleGg lsl;dsf cj/f]w l;h{gf u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ ;ef :yn ;Dd hfg glbg] if8oGq ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?sf] 3f]/ ;j{;QfjfbL / clwgfosjfbL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg klg ;/sf/ / ;Dj4 ;a} kIfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] sl/j #)) sf] ;Vofdf cfPsf pQ]hs / c/fhs ;d"xn] olx r}q !# ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf If]q g+= @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo ;efklt ;'o{k|;fb Gof}kfg]sf] xs ef]u :jfldTjdf /x]sf] krf; /f]kgL hUufsf] aLr–aLrdf / rf/ lsNnfdf kf6L{sf em08f ufl8 pQm hUuf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] sJhfdf lnPsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . pQm hUufdf dfcf]jfbLn] wfg /f]kfO{ ;d]t ul/ gf/fjfhL ;d]t u/]sf]df pQm 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulDe/ cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ lgGbf, eT;gf{ / v]b k|s6 ub{5 . sJhf ul/Psf] pQm ;DklQ t'?Gt lkmtf{ ug{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ ;r]t ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; gful/ssf] hLpwg tyf ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjZos sbd rfNg kl5 gkg{ klg ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
-@_ cf]vn9'+uf If]q g+= @ sf] Rofgd uf=lj=;=df cfh g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ / ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/ 1fg]Gb| ?DbfnL /fO{n] ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . r'gfjL ;efdf tf]8kmf]8 tyf pkl:yt ePsf JolQmx?dfly 9'+ufd'9f, s'6lk6 h:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkx? dfcf]jfbLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g ug]{ tyf zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofpg vf]Hg] JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
olx @)^$ r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy lgdf{0f x'g] g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;j} g]kfnLx?sf] ;dfg clwsf/, cj;/ / pQ/bfloTj /xg] lglZrt 5 . /fi6«sf ;j} lhDd]jf/ kIfx? ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ zfGt / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;s[o /lx/x]sf] ;dodf ;/sf/, cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ x}l;ot / lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgjf{rgsf] ldlt hlt hlt glhls+b} 5, b}lgs ?kdf u}/ lhDd]jf/, c/fhs, h3Go, lx+;|s / cfk/flws ultljlwx?sf >[+vnfj4 36gfqmdx?df cfkm'nfO{ ;s[o jgfpFb} uPsf] 5 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jf6 zz:q 4Gbsfndf ;/x ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ltly glhls+b} ubf{ 36fOg] u/LPsf 36gfqmdx?n] pgLx?sf] lgjf{rgk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf / ljZjl;gotfdf uDeL/ k|Zg v8f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufotsf g]tf, sfo{stf{x? dfly uf]ln xflg xTof ug]{ k|of; ug]{, d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L s'6lk6 ug]{, c+ue+u ug]{, ckx/0f ug]{, r/d zfl/l/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg], ;DklQ sJhf ug]{, hj/h:tL tf]lsPsf] /sd j'emfpg jfWo u/fpg] nufotsf cg]sg cfk/flws ultljlwx?df lg/Gt/ ltj|tf cfO/x]sf] 5 . zflGtk"j{s lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/df ;+nUg g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug]{ /fhgLlts ;ef, ;Dd]ngx?df Jojwfg v8f ug]{, s'6lk6 ug]{, gub tyf lhG;L ;/ ;fdfgx? n'6g] qmd jl9/x]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL;Fu c;xdlt /fVg] ;j}, d'ntM g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ut ?kdf g} cfqmd0fdf pq]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lvNnL pF8fpb} dfcf]jfbL nf7\7L, v's'/L, jGb's / jdsf] ;xf/f lnO{ lx+;|s ?kdf dWo/ftdf ;'lt/x]sf ;dodf, vfgf vfO/x]sf] ;dodf, kl/jf/hgx?;Fu jl;/x]sf] ;dodf sfFu|];x?dfly cfqmd0fdf pq]sf] 5 . cToGt lx+;|s, kfzljs, bfgjLo / qm'/tfk"j{s dfcf]jfbLn] cfkm\gf] ljutnfO k'gM:d/0f u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 .

;/sf/L ;~rf/ dfWodx?n] lg/Gt/ u/L/x]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn3+gsf ljifodf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lgjf{rg cfof]udf lg/Gt/ Wofgfsif{s u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, sfo{stf{x? / r'gfjL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ nlIft u/]/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jf6 36fOPsf d'Vo d'Vo lx;|s / c/fhs 36gfx?sf kl5Nnf s]xL ljj/0fx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM– oL jfx]s bh{gf} cGo 36gfx?sf ljj/0fx? sfof{nosf] clen]vdf ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ .

d'Vo d'Vo 36gfx?M
? df3 df3 @@ ut] bfr'{nf nl6gfy uflj;df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGt/Ld Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;b:o lbn]Gb| k|;fb j8'dfly ;f+3flts cfqmd0f 9f8 / 6fpsf]df uDeL/ rf]6, kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? x]dGt lji6, g/]Gb|l;+x wfdL, z]/l;+x wfdL, x/sl;+x wfdL ;lxt g]kfn k|x/Lsf 5 hgf ;Vt 3fOt] ePsf,
? df3 @% ut] j}tl8sf] k'rf}gf{ xf6 uflj; df cfof]lht cfd;efdf cfqmd0f, cGtl/d Joj:Yflksf ;+;b ;b:o g/]Gb| jxfb'/ jd, k"j{ ;f+;b s[i0f s'df/ hf]zL, lhNnf ;efklt g/]Gb| lji6 / sfo{stf{x? s0f{jxfb'/ wfg's nufot Ps bh{g ulDe/ 3fOt],
? ;'v]{t lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;b:o lzj/fh hf]zLnfO kmfu'g #) ut] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmddf x:tIf]k u/L pxfFdfly cfqmd0f / ceb| Jojxf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ?kdf dfgdb{g ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf],
? r}q # ut] cf]vn9'Ëf If]q g+= ! kftnL uflj;df kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ jfns[i0f bfxfndfly Hofg dfg]{ clek|fon] ;f+3flts cfqmd0fdf uf]nL k|xf/, 9'+ufd'9f k|xf/, bfxfn ;lxt :yfgLo sfo{stf{ nLnf bfxfn ;Vt 3fOt],
? r}q @ ut] /ftL uf]/vf n'O6]n uflj;df kf6L{sf g]tfx? jl;/x]sf] :yfgdf cfO cRo"t Gof}kfg], cd/ lwtfn dfly ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] ;fydf /x]sf] gu/ ?= !^,))), df]jfOn ;]6 n'6g'sf ;fy} pQm If]qdf k'Mg k|j]z ug{df k|ltjGwsf] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf],
? uf]/vf If]q g++ @ >Lgfysf]6 uflj;df r}q ^ ut]sf lbg kf6L{ lhNnf sf]iffWoIf z'sb]j bjf8L ;lxt k|rf/ k|;f/df ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ ufpF k|j]zdf /f]s, dfgl;s oftgf / qf; lbPsf,
? /fd]5fd If]q g+= ! sf pDd]bjf/ cfË6fjf z]kf{dfly ltg km/s uflj;df x'g] ;efnfO ;Djf]wg ug{jf6 jl~rt ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy uf8Ldf cfqmd0f, jl; /x]sf] 3/df 3]/f xfnL t'?Gt 3/ 5f8g lgb]{zg, g5f8]df h] klg x'g ;Sg] wDsLk"0f{ kq ;d]t lbPsf,
? r}q & ut] dsjfgk'/df cfof]lht r'gfjL sfo{qmddf cfqmd0f, ^ kf6L{ sfo{stf{ 3fOt],
? :ofËhf lhNnf If]q g+= # ksjfbL uflj;df kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ k|;fb uf}8]n / !^ jlif{o s'z' cof{nnfO{ r}q & ut] a]n'sL ckx/0f u/L nu]sf], l:ylt xfn;Dd klg c1ft,
? l;Gw'kfNrf]s, r}q ( ut] ljxfg, ofd'gf 8fF8f uflj;jf6 t?0f bnsf lhNnf ;lrj dl5Gb| v8sfnfO{ ckx/0f, l:ylt xfn;Dd klg c1ft,
? slknj:t' If]q g+= @ df r}q ( ut] kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ bLks'df/ pkfWofo ;lxt :yfgLo g]tfx? r9]sf tLgj6f / ;'/IffsdL{sf] Pp6f ;jf/L ;fwgdfly cfqmd0f / tf]8kmf]8,
? tgx'F If]q g++ !, r}q ( ut] dWo/ftL, 8fF8f5fk w/dkfgL hgHof]tL k|f=lj=sf k|wfgfWofks jf;' Gof}kfg]nfO{ 8]/fjf6 s'6kL6 / 3fF6L RofKb} xltof/wf/L dfcf]jfbLn] ckx/0f u/]/ h+untkm{ nu]sf, l:ylt xfn;Dd klg c1ft,
? /f]Nkfdf r}q !) ut] ljxfg If]q g++ ! sf pDd]bjf/ dfwj k|;fb crfo{, ;dfg'kflts tkm{sf pDd]bjf/ >L s'df/L 3lt{ du/ nufotx?nfO vfgf vfO/x]sf] ;dodf PSsf;L cfqmd0f, ;Vt 3fOt] / g]lj;+3sf dxfdGqL dgf]hdl0f cfrfo{ ;d]t cfwf bh{g ljBfyL{ g]tfx?nfO{ ckx/0f u/L nu]sf,
? r}q ( ut] dsjfgk'/sf] kmfk/jf/Ldf cfof]lht r'gfjL ;ef ;s]/ j;df 3/tkm{ kms{b} u/]sf kf6L{ sfo{stf{x? dfly 5ltjgsf] le/sf]6 ju/df ;fFem ^ jh] 9'+ufd'9f cfqmd0f u/L j;df ;jf/ l/tf b]jsf]6f, ;'eb|f lwtfn, s'df/ dfgGw/ ;lxt Ps bh{gnfO{ 3fOt] jgfPsf,
? r}q !) ut] /fd]5fksf] lxdfu+uf uflj;sf] jf]n'Ë jf]n'Ë eGg] :yfgdf cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf cfqmd0f, kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ slkn clwsf/L, @ hgf ;'/IffsdL{ nufot cfwf bh{g 3fOt],
? uf]/vfdf r}q !) ut], cf>fË uflj;df cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf sDJofS6 8«];df /x]sf dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdf/åf/f cfqmd0f, s'6lk6, uf8L tf]8kmf]8, cfqmd0fjf6 Ps bh{g g]tf sfo{stf{ 3fOt],
? vf]6fË 8fF8fufpF uflj; cf}v/]df r}q !! ut] r'gfjL sfo{qmddf k[YjL /fO{sf g]t[Tjsf] xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] cfqmd0f, d~r tf]8kmf]8, dfOs nufotsf ;fdfu|L n'6g'sf ;fy} If]q g++ @ sf pDd]bjf/ lzjs'df/ j:g]t ;lxt Ps bh{g g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?nfO sfo{qmd :ynd} jGbL jgfP/ /fv]sf],
? r}q !@ ut] bfË, slknj:t', gjnk/f;L nufotsf k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df cj/f]w v8f u/L xHhf/f}+ ofqLx?nfO{ cnkq kf/]sf],
? 6]lnkmf]gjf6 wlDs -k|rf/ k|;f/ gug{ g]kfn ;fF:s[lts ;+3 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;lrj jnb]j tfdfËnfO wlDs lbPsf,
? lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/ ;fdfu|L lnP/ cf]vn9'+uf CifLrf}/ uflj; l:yt cfkm\gf] 3/df hfFb} u/]sf jd{lwt tfdfËnfO{ r}q !! ut] 3/ tkm{ hfgdf /f]s,
? :ofËhf If]q g+= @ sf] jflnË gkf l:yt jflnË jx'd'lv SofDk; g]lj ;+3sf lhNnf pkfWoIf lji0f' kf}8]ndfly r}q !# ut] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf],
? cf]vn9'+uf If]q g++ @ sf pDd]bjf/ jfnf/fh sfls{ ;lxtsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? s6'~h] uflj;sf] huflj/] eGg] 7fpFdf r}q !# ut] dfcf]jfbL pDd]bjf/ s[i0f 9'+u]nsf] lgb]{zgdf cfqmd0f, g]kfn t?0f bnsf gGb/fh e§/fO{ uDeL/ 3fOt],
? ;f]n'v'Dj'df r}q !# ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;b:o Pj+ kf6L{sf ;f]n'v'Dj'sf pDd]bjf/ jnjxfb'/ s];L ;lxtnfO 6f:6LË uflj;sf] l;;fvf]nfdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g To;tkm{ hfFb} ubf{ dfcf]jfbLsf] cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;b:o j'l4dfg dfemLsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] lx+;s / xltof/wf/L ;d"xjf6 Hofgdfg]{ p2]Zon] uf]nL k|xf/ u/L s];Lsf] Hofg} lng] k|of; eof] . jGb'ssf] uf]nL kf6L{ sfo{stf{ /fh]Gb| j:g]t / /fds'df/ s];LnfO{ nfu]sf] / v's'/Lsf] k|xf/jf6 pDd]bjf/ s];Lsf] 6fpFsf] / xftdf uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . pxfFx? ;lxt cGo * hgf sfo{stf{x? klg cfqmd0fjf6 ulDe/ 3fOt] eO lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf pkrf/ u/fO /xg' ePsf] / cGo 3fOt]x?sf -kmfKn' c:ktfn ;f]n'v'Dj' df g} pkrf/ eO/x]sf] / dfcf]jfbLn] ;f] 36gfdf kf6L{ g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub, df]jfOn ;]6, u/uxgf, 38L nufotsf ;fdfu|Lx? klg n'6L nu]sf],
? gjnk/f;L If]q g++ ! u}8fsf]6df r}q !@ ut] kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? dfly cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} @ j6f df]6/;fOsndf cfuhgL u/]sf 5g\ . cfqmd0fjf6 kf6L{ sfo{stf{x? n]vgfy jd ;Gof;L, s]zj ;fksf]6f nufot cfwf bh{g 3fOt] ePsf 5g . kf6L{ sfo{stf{ dbg eQm clwsf/Lsf] 3/ tf]8kmf]8,
? gjnk/f;L If]q g++ @ ?rfË eGg] 7fpFdf kf6L{ sfo{stf{ /]zdnfn yfkf / /fhg k/fh'nLnfO r}q !# ut] ljxfg ckx/0f u/]sf 5g, l:ylt c1ft,
? wflbË If]q g++ ! r}q ! ut] /ftL, kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ lbndfg kflv|g ;lxt !) hgfnfO{ ulDe/ 3fOt] jgfPsf / sf7df08f} NofO aL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] . l:ylt uDeL/ /x]sf],
? c5fd If]q g+= @ sf pDd]bjf/ /fd jxfb'/ lji6sf] r'gfjL sfo{qmddf cfqmd0f u/L pxfF ;lxt hgs /O, phL/ l;+x, jL/]Gb| zfxL, pk]Gb| zfxL, bfgjxfb'/ jhufO{, dx]Gb| lji6 nufot Ps bh{g kf6L{ sfo{stf{x? 3fOt],
? g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] sl/j #)) sf] ;Vofdf cfPsf pQ]hs / c/fhs ;d"xn] olx r}q !# ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf If]q g+= @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo ;efklt ;'o{k|;fb Gof}kfg]sf] xs ef]u :jfldTjdf /x]sf] krf; /f]kgL hUufsf] aLr–aLrdf / rf/ lsNnfdf kf6L{sf em08f ufl8 pQm hUuf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] sJhfdf lnPsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\,
? cf]vn9'+uf If]q g+= @ sf] Rofgd uf=lj=;=df cfh g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ / ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/ 1fg]Gb| ?DbfnL /fO{n] ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . r'gfjL ;efdf tf]8kmf]8 tyf pkl:yt ePsf JolQmx?dfly 9'+ufd'9f, s'6lk6 h:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkx? dfcf]jfbLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\,
? j}t8L lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! ?b|]Zj/L uflj; j8f g++ @ df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o s0f{jxfb'/ wfg's, s[lQ h+u ad, k|]d /fhhf]zL l8NnL/fh hf]zL, dfwj k|;fb hf]zL / nf]s]Gb| jxfb'/ rGb ?b|]Zj/L uflj;sf kf6L{ ;efklt k/dfgGb /fgf dfly cfh r}q !$ ut] sl/j !!M#) jh] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/df hfgnfu]sf] ;dodf #).$) hgfsf] lx+;|s c/fhs dfcf]jfbL hTyfjf6 ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ul/ pxfFx?nfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] jgfPsf / lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/ ;DjGwL ;fdfu|Lx? ;d]t n'l6 nu]sf 5g\,
? bfË lhNnfsf] ul/ufpF uflj;sf] /fxLvlnogdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 lxhf] r}q !# ut] ;fFem sl/j *M)) jh] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ 1fgjxfb'/ jfbLnfO{ æsfFu|];sf] sfo{qmd pb\3f]if0f ug]{ <Æ eGb} dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ e'ldnfn rf}w/L, t'n;L/fd j:g]t, bfªjxfb'/ ljs nufotn] wDSofpg'sf ;fy} s'6lk6 u/L ulDe/ 3fOt] jgfPsf 5g\,

g]kfnL sfFu|]; cf;Gg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO c;kmn jgfpg] u/L g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jf6 ul/b} cfPsf ;j} k|sf/sf lx+;|s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt jGb ug{ k'gM;r]t u/fpFb5 .

;fy}, zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfO{ To;sf] k|Tofe"lt ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{, lgjf{rg cfrf/ ;+lxtf pNn3+gsf ;j} lsl;dsf 36gfx?dfyL s8f lgoGq0f /fVg cfjZos kxn ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ko{j]Ifsx? Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ ;+3 ;+:yf nufot gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;d]t o; lsl;dsf ultljlwx?dfly ;hutfk"j{s lgu/fgL /fVg cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ wflbª lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! a;]/L uf=lj=;=df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ lbndfg kflv|g / sfo{stf{x? r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] qmddf ;Gtdfg tfdfËsf] 3/df uP /flt ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx?n] /flt #M#) ah] PSsf;L cfqmd0f u/L pDd]bjf/ lbndfg kflv|g ;lxt !) hgf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . % hgfsf] l:ylt uDeL/ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L 3fOt] x'g]x?df— If]q g+= ! sf If]qLo ;efklt eQm /fgf, h;axfb'/ yfkf tfdfª, nfnaxfb'/ u'?ª, sfn'dfg tfdfª, u+uf 3n], lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o hf]d ;fO{ 3n] nufotsf x'g'x'G5 . 3fOt]x?nfO{ cfh} pkrf/fy{ x]lnsf]K6/af6 sf7df8f}F NofOPsf] 5 . xfn pxfFx?sf] lq=lj=lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 eg] b'O{ hgfsf] wflbªs} :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .

-@_ c5fd If]q g+= @ sf pDd]bjf/ /fdaxfb'/ lji6sf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmd cGtu{t @@ cf}F sfo{qmd lxhf] r}q !# ut] no6L uf=lj=;=df ePsf] lyof] . ;f] uf=lj=;=sf] sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLx?n] x:tIf]k u/L sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] k|of; ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf hgs zfx, plh/ l;+x, aL/]Gb| zfxL, pk]Gb| zfxL, bfgaxfb'/ ahufOF / dx]Gb| lji6 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ / :yfgLo hgtfsf] Jofks pkl:ylt /x]sf]n] kl5 dfcf]jfbLx? ToxfFaf6 efu]sf lyP .
-#_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ef]hk'/–sf7df8f}F ;Dks{ ;ldltsf ;lrj u0f]z a'9fyf]sLnfO{ lxhf] r}q !# ut] ef]hk'/sf] s'n'ª uf=lj=;=df r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/sf qmddf dfcf]jfbLx?n] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] bflxg] cfFvf ;'lGgPsf] 5 eg] b]j]| v'§f /fd|f];Fu grNg] ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] of] lx+>s, c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf, lgGbf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf lqmofsnfknfO{ lgoGq0f ug{, 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sfjf{xL ug{ / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/ nufot ;Da4 ;a} kIf;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] sl/j #)) sf] ;Vofdf cfPsf pQ]hs / c/fhs ;d"xn] olx r}q !# ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf If]q g+= @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo ;efklt ;'o{k|;fb Gof}kfg]sf] xs ef]u :jfldTjdf /x]sf] krf; /f]kgL hUufsf] aLr–aLrdf / rf/ lsNnfdf kf6L{sf em08f ufl8 pQm hUuf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] sJhfdf lnPsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . pQm hUufdf dfcf]jfbLn] wfg /f]kfO{ ;d]t ul/ gf/fjfhL ;d]t u/]sf]df pQm 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulDe/ cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ lgGbf, eT;gf{ / v]b k|s6 ub{5 . sJhf ul/Psf] pQm ;DklQ t'?Gt lkmtf{ ug{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ ;r]t ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; gful/ssf] hLpwg tyf ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjZos sbd rfNg kl5 gkg{ klg ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
-@_ cf]vn9'+uf If]q g+= @ sf] Rofgd uf=lj=;=df cfh g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ / ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/ 1fg]Gb| ?DbfnL /fO{n] ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . r'gfjL ;efdf tf]8kmf]8 tyf pkl:yt ePsf JolQmx?dfly 9'+ufd'9f, s'6lk6 h:tf c/fhs lqmofsnfkx? dfcf]jfbLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g ug]{ tyf zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofpg vf]Hg] JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Da4 ;a} lgsfox?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ a}t8L lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q g++ ! sf] ?b]|Zj/L uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= @ df bfr'{nfaf6 cfPsf #)÷$) hgf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;d"xn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o s0f{axfb'/ wfg's, s[lth+u ad, k|]d/fh hf]zL, l8NnL/fh hf]zL, dfwjk|;fb hf]zL, nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb / ;f] ufpF sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt k/dfgGb /fgfnfO{ cfh laxfg s/La !!M#) ah] vfgf vfP/ k|rf/ k|;f/df hfg nfu]sf a]nf s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFx?;Fu /x]sf] k|rf/ ;fdfu|Lx? / dfOs ;d]t dfcf]jfbLx?n] n'6L nu]sf 5g\ .
-@_ bfª lhNnfsf] ul/ufpF uf=lj=;=sf] /fxLvlnogdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 lxhf] r}q !# ut] ;fFem *M)) ah]sf] ;dodf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ 1fgaxfb'/ jfbLnfO{ …sfFu|];sf] sfo{qmd pb\3f]if0f ug]{Ú eGb} dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ e"ldnfn rf}w/L, t'n;L/fd a:g]t, bfªaxfb'/ lj=s= nufotn] wDsfpg'sf ;fy} s'6lk6 u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pSt 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt ePsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Da4 ;a} kIf;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 :ofª\hfsf pkfWoIf lji0f' kf}8]nnfO{ If]q g+= @ sf] jflnª gu/kflnsf l:yt jflnª ax'd'vL SofDk;df dfcf]jfbLx?n] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / lx+>s lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf pDd]bjf/ anaxfb'/ s]=;L= dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 cfh uDeL/ 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] 6fpFsf]df rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ clxn] pkrf/sf] nflu sf7df8f}F Nofpg] tof/L e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lgoldt sfo{qmd cg';f/ cfh ;f]n'v'Da'sf] ;b/d'sfdaf6 &÷* ls=ld= 6fF8f ;Nn]/L uf=lj=;=sf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL e}/x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLx?n] lgof]lht ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf x'g\ . cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf Ps bh{g eGbf a9L sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . ;Defljt 36\gfsf ;DaGwdf lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf klg zflGt ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax'dtaf6 ljhoL x'g] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnP/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ .
-@_ o;}u/L gjnk/f;L If]q g+= @ ?rfË eGg] 7fpFdf dfcf]jfbLx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ /]zdnfn yfkf / /fhg k/fh'nLnfO{ cfh laxfg !! ah] ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
;f]n' / gjnk/f;Ldf ePsf dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+>s, c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs / pR5[+vn lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfjZos zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} gjnk/f;Lsf] ?rfËaf6 dfcf]jfbL ckx/0f k/]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ /]zdnfn yfkf / /fhg k/fh'nLsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3÷;+:yfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;f]n'v'Da'sf] s]?ª uf=lj=;= l:yt l;;fvf]nfsf] cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ hfg nfUg' ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf pDd]bjf/ anaxfb'/ s]=;L= nufot b'O{ bh{g eGbf a9L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] lgof]lht ?kdf cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ anaxfb'/ s]=;L= sf] 6fpFsf]df rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 eg] anaxfb'/ s]=;L=sf efO{ /fds'df/ s]=;L= / /fh]Gb| a:g]tsf] s'd / 6fpFsf]df uf]nL nfu]sf] 5 . pDd]bjf/ anaxfb'/ s]=;L=, /fds'df/ s]=;L=, /fh]Gb| a:g]t tyf v's'/Laf6 ;Vt 3fOt] ePsf k]df tfdfª, s]bf/ sfsL{, df]xg af]x/f ;lxt !@ hgf 3fOt]x?nfO{ cfh} x]lnsf]K6/af6 sf7df8f}F NofO{ lq=lj=lzIf0f c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 eg] afFsL 3fOt]x?sf] ;f]n's} :yfgLo c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 klg g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht cfd;efx?df dfcf]jfbLx?n] k6s–k6s cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf lyP .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ax'dtaf6 ljhoL x'g] ;'lglZrt ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnP/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly cfqmd0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+>s, c/fhs / pQ]hs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf c/fhs / pR5[+vn lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ lxhf] r}q !@ ut] gjnk/f;Lsf] If]q g+= ! u}8fsf]6df dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ dfly cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} df]6/;fOsn tf]8kmf]8 ;d]t ul/lbPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf n]vgfy ad ;Gof;L, s]zj ;fksf]6f nufot ^ hgf sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . xfn pxfFx?sf] c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k|d]z >]i7 / ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf] nflu uPsf ljho Pkm=Pd=sf] df]6/;fOsn Wj:t ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ dbgeQm clwsf/Lsf] 3/ tf]8kmf]8 ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf o:tf lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb5 . cjf+l5t ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x÷JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfdo ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-@_ gjnk/f;L If]q g+= @ sf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf $( sfo{stf{x? ;f] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . gjk|j]zLx?nfO{ gjnk/f;L If]q g+= @ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ dx]Gb|Wjh hL=;L= n] kf6L{sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
cf]vn9'+uf lhNnf If]q g+= @ sf] lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ afnf/fh sfsL{ ;lxtsf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? s6'Gh] uf=lj=;=af6 Rofgd uf=lj=;=tkm{ nfUb} ubf{ hu]le/ eGg] 7fpFdf cfh lbpF;f] % ah] dfcf]jfbLsf pDd]bjf/ s[i0f 9'+u]nsf] lgb]{zgdf 9'+ufd'9f ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfn t?0f bnsf gGb/fh e§/fO{ uDeL/ 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] of] lx+>s / clwgfosjfbL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf lqmofsnfk ug]{x?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf ldnfpg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
ut r}q & ut] sflnsf]6sf] lrN;f eGg] :yfgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht cfd;ef ;s]/ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ lxSdtaxfb'/ lji6 ;lxt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? ;fFem s/La %M#) ah] kms{g] qmddf dfly 8fF8faf6 dfcf]jfbLx?n] 9'+uf a;f{P/ cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf lyP . 9'+uf k|xf/af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ nId0f kf08] nufot s]xL sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
To:t} ( ut] sflnsf]6s} ;]/fj8f eGg] :yfgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 dfcf]jfbLx?n] cftlÍt kfg]{ k|of; u/]tf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ / :yfgLo hgtfx?sf] pNn]vgLo pkl:ylt /x]sf]n] dfcf]jfbLx? efu]sf lyP .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg glhlsPsf] qmddf dfcf]jfbLsf c/fhs / lx+>s ultljlwx? a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . sflnsf]6df /x]sf] SofG6f]Gd]G6af6 dfcf]jfbLsf] ;]gfsf k|d'vx? g} cfkm} aflx/ lgl:sP/ lhNnf ljleGg :yfg / j8fx?df 6«]lgªx? lb+b} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L SofG6f]Gd]G6af6 aflx/ lgl:sP/ cfd hgtfnfO{ eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ sfd dfcf]jfbLx?n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLx?sf] u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:t lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k"0f{ ?kdf kfngf u/fpg ;DalGwt kIfaf6 tbf?stfsf ;fy sbd rfNg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] z'e]R5's ;+:yf g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf lhNnf ;lrj anb]j tfdfËnfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] (*)#$–$$^&#& af6 af/Daf/ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lb+b} cfPsf 5g\ . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmdsf nflu km'nlrªsf]6 uf=lj=;=df x'g'x'G5 . dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] pxfFnfO{ klxnf] rf]6L cfOtaf/ /flt !@ ah] o;} u/L kmf]gaf6 wDsL lb+b} cfO/x]sf lyP .
-@_ lgjf{rg k|rf/ ;fdfu|L lnP/ cf]vn9'+uf lhNnfsf] Clifrf}/ l:yt cfˆgf] 3/lt/ uPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ jd{lwt tfdfËnfO{ lxhf] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] kf]v/] uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= ! df /f]s]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?n] tfdfªnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ hfg lbPsf 5}gg\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg dof{lbt, eo/lxt / zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg ug'{ ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L xf] . t/ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?n] lgjf{rg cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] 7f8} pNn+3g ul//xFbf klg ;DalGwt lgsfox? zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ / eo/lxt jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . lgjf{w ?kdf cf–cfˆgf] r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/dfly ePsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] 7f8f] pNn+3gsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb} ax'bnLo k|ltikwf{df lgikIf ?kn] pqg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lgjf{rgsf] k"j{ ;GWofdf g]=s=kf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] slknj:t' nufot /fhwfgLsf ljleGg 7fpFx?df jGb / rSsfhfdsf] sfo{qmd u/]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ulDe/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] d'v}df cfP/ o:tf lj/f]wsf sfo{qmdx? ubf{ ;+ljwfg;ef grfxg] / b]znfO{ cwf]ult lt/ ws]Ng vf]Hg] k|ltudgsf/Lx?nfO{ g} kmfObf k'Ug] lglZrt 5 . b]zel/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfxf}n eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf jGb / rSsfhfdsf sfo{qmdn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ ePsf]n] To:tf vfnsf sfo{qmd ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg;Dd g/fvL ;+od, zfnLg / /fhgLlts ;'emj'emsf ;fy cuf8L a9g g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;'g;/L If]q g+= % sf] If]qLo sfof{no cufl8 cfh dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dn] cgflws[t tj/n] cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] em08f uf8]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|rf/sf nflu ufl8Psf em08f / r'gfj lrGx pvfn]/ kmflnlbg] / To; :yfgdf cfˆgf] em08f uf8\g], xl/x/k'/ uf=lj=;=sf] e06fjf/Ldf g]kfnL sfFu|];sL pDd]bjf/ ;'hftf sf]O/fnfsf] kDKn]6 tyf kf]i6/ dfly cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] krf{, kDKn]6 6fFF:g] h:tf cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Ltsf sfo{x? u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;'g;/L % g+= If]qdf ePsf] o:tf] sfo{sf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 .
cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] o:tf cjf+l5t lqmofsnfksf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;hu u/fpg rfxG5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
vf]6fªsf] 8fF8fufpF uf=lj=;= cf]v/]df cfh g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfqmd0f u/L cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf k[YjL /fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf sDAofS6 8«];df cfPsf %)÷^) hgfsf] cj}w xltof/ ;lxtsf] ;d"xn] ;ef :ynnfO{ 3]/]/ d~r tf]8kmf]8 ug'{sf ;fy} dfOs / cGo ;fdfg ;d]t n'6L nu]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf bh{gf}F sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . vf]6fª If]q g+= @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ lzjs'df/ a:g]t, g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tLy{ e§/fO{, g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o r/0f /fO{, g]kfn lzIfs ;+3sf s]zj sfsL{ / lji0f'/fh /fO{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] sfo{qmd :ynd} jGbL cj:yfdf /fv]sf 5g\ . r'gfjL ;efdf ;/sf/sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .
j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv @# j'Fb] ;xdlt;Dd cfpFbf klg dfcf]jfbLsf Jojxf/ / rl/qdf s'g} klg kl/jt{g cfpFg ;s]sf] 5}g . cem} klg pgLx? j}rfl/s åGbdf eGbf lx+;f / clwgfosjfbdf ljZjf; ul//x]sf] log} 36\gfqmdx?n] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg b]zsf] cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf; xf] . nf]stGq / g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ePsf] / cfd hgtf ;dIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; k'lu/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx? cQflnPsf 5g\ / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] dfcf]jfbLn] 7f8} pNn+3g u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ af/Daf/ nlIft ub}{ Pskl5 csf]{ k|xf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] clwgfosjfbL ;f]r, z}nL / 3l6t 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;ef, sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] xf]Og ls cfˆg} ;ef, sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ lj/f]w ug]{ nf]stflGqs k4lt ckgfpg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
/fd]5fk lhNnfsf] lxdfu+uf uf=lj=;= l:yt jf]n'ª jf]n'ª eGg] :yfgdf cfh lbpF;f] !M#) ah] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] r'gfjL sfo{qmddf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] Ps ;d"xn] 9'+ufd'9f u/L sfo{qmd layf]Ng'sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ slkn clwsf/L nufotsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . ;'/Iffdf vl6Psf b'O{ ;'/IffsdL{ klg dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lx+>s lqmofsnfk ckgfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pQm 36\gfk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb ug{ /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy} 36\gfsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ lk|td kf08]n] slknj:t'sf] xlyxjf lzjnfdf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ lzjk'hg s'dL{nfO{ uf]nL xfgL zlgjf/ xTof u/]sf] / ;f] 36gf:yndf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o bLks'df/ pkfWofo ;d]tsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] eGg] ljleGg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt e|fds / em'¶f ;dfrf/k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .

slknj:t'sf] lgjf{rg If]q g+= @ sf] ks/Ldf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tLg} hgf pDd]bjf/ / sfo{stf{x¿ xf]nLsf] z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;s]/ lbpF;f] $ ah] kms]{/ njgLdf cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] :yfgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ r9\g' ePsf] tLg j6f uf8L / ;'/IffsdL{ r9]sf] Pp6f uf8LnfO{ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?n] tf]8kmf]8 u/]sf lyP . ToxL cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx?sf] pQ]hs eL8n] lbks'df/ pkfWofosf] Ozf/fdf lk|tdn] dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{sf] xTof u/]sf] eg]/ em'¶f ckmjfx km}nfpg'sf ;fy} gf/f ;d]t nufPsf lyP . dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ lzjk'hg s'dL{sf] xTof xlyxjf lzjnfdf ePsf] lyof] eg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? ks/L eGg] :yfgdf /x]sf lyP . 36\gf ePsf] :yfg / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf÷sfo{stf{ /x]sf] :yfgx? km/s–km/s /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf ckf/ hgnx/ a9\b} uPsf] b]v]/ o;af6 cQflnPsf dfcf]jfbLx? g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{dfly /fhgLlts k|ltzf]waf6 u|l;t eP/ e|fds / em'7f cf/f]k nufO{ abgfd ug{ / rl/q xTof ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];dfly nufOPsf] cToGt e|fds / em'¶f cf/f]ksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / v08g ub{5 / o:tf] e|fds / em'¶f ;dfrf/k|lt ljZjf; gug{ cfd gful/sdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
bfË t'n;Lk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! cZjf/f 3/ ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ df]xg a:g]t, eLid e08f/L, eLd 8fFuL / ;Gtf]if ;fx' xf]nL v]n]/ 3/ kms{g] qmddf cl:t r}q * ut] bfªsf] If]q g+= % sf] kjggu/ uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= $ sf] ;'Gk'/ eGg] :yfgdf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf pDd]bjf/ ;'idf zdf{ l3ld/] r9]sf] uf8L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? dfbs kbfy{ vfO{ tf]8kmf]8 u/]sf] eGg] clt/l~ht / skf]NslNkt, e|fds / em'¶f 36\gfnfO{ ljleGg ;+rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt u/]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?n] dfcf]jfbLsf] uf8L tf]8kmf]8 gu/]sf] / dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg klg u/]sf lyPgg\ . ;fdfGo ljjfbnfO{ /fhgLlts k|ltzf]wk"0f{ ?kn] dfcf]jfbLn] clt/l~ht / e|fds agfpFb} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ abgfd ug{ / km;fpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . of] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / v08g ub{5 . ;fy} clt/l~ht, e|fds / em'¶f ;dfrf/x? cfd gful/sdf ;Dk|]if0f u/L e|d l;h{gf gug{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg glhlsb} hfg] qmddf b]zsf ljleGg efux?df g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] c/fhs, cfk/flws / lx+>s lqmofsnfkx? a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?k|lt pgLx?sf] cfqmd0f tLj| x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;} qmddf—
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; /f]Nkf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf pDd]bjf/ dfwjk|;fb cfrfo{, ;dfg'kflts tkm{sf pDd]bjf/ >Ls'df/L 3tL{ du/ nufotsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ kmufd / onjfªsf] aLrdf vfgf vfg a;]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjf; eGg] dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf @$÷@% hgfsf] ;d"xn] cfh laxfg ck|Toflzt ?kdf cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFx? lxhf] /f]Nkfsf] h]njfª uf=lj=;=sf] r'gfjL sfo{qmd ;s]/ /flt s/jfªdf af; a:g' ePsf] lyof] . cfh laxfg kms{g] qmddf dfcf]jfbLx?n] pxfFx?nfO{ cfqmd0f u/]sf x'g\ . dfcf]jfbL cfqmd0f kZrft dfwjk|;fb cfrfo{ nufot % hgf ;Dks{df cfO;Sg' ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL /x]sf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf dxfdGqL dgf]hdl0f cfrfo{, ;]v yfkf, Odfg l;+ lu/L, ;]v 3tL{, OGb|axfb'/ /fgf nufotsf & hgf cem} ;Dd klg ;Dks{ ljlxg x'g'x'G5 .
-@_ g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht dsjfgk'/sf] kmfk/jf/Ldf lxhf] r'gfjL ;ef ;s]/ 3/ kms{g] qmddf 5ltjg uf=lj=;=sf] eL/sf]6 eGg] :yfgsf] au/df ;fFem ^M#) ah] g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? r9]sf] a;df 9'+ufd'9f u/L Ps bh{g eGbf a9LnfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ eg] /Ltf b]jsf]6f, ;'eb|f lwtfn / s'df/ dfgGw/ ;Vt 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 . xfn pxfFx?sf] x]6f}8f c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . lxhf]sf] sfo{qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?— k|bLk lu/L, 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfn / l8gf pkfWofon] ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLx? lx+>s / u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf plqPsf 5g\ . nf]stGqdf zflGtk"0f{ ;ef ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf] g};lu{s / dfgj clwsf/dfly tyf lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g dfcf]jfbLx?n] af/Daf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . /f]Nkf / dsjfgk'/df ePsf 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb u/L s'g} klg gful/sdfly cfqmd0f gug{ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 .

;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ sfg"gL cfk/flws ultljlwx?dfly s8f lgoGq0f /fVg / 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ug{ ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
jl/i7 ;flxTosf/, cfofd]nL lrGts &# jifL{o O{Zj/ jNnesf] cfh laxfg %M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] gle{s c:ktfndf pkrf/sf] qmddf lgwg eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] cu|0fL ;flxTosf/ klg x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 /fi6«nfO{ ;flxTosf] If]qdf ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;flxTosf cys ;fws :j= jNnesf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ O{Zj/ jNnesf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . :j= jNnen] g]kfnL ;flxTodf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf / zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
tgx'F lhNnfsf] lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] 8f8fF5fk w/dkfgL hgHof]lt k|f=lj= sf k|wfgfWofks jf;' Gof}kfg]nfO{ uP /flt !@M!% ah] pxfF ;'t]sf] 8]/faf6 !%÷!^ hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfPsf xltof/wf/L dfcf]jfbLx?n] 3fF6L lgdf]7\b} h+untkm{ ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . pxfF g]kfn lzIfs ;+3;Fu cfj4 x'g'x'G5 . 8f8fF5fk wd{kfgLdf cfh tgx'F If]q g+= ! sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] r'gfjL k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] 5 . lxhf]b]lv g} dfcf]jfbLx?n] ToxfFsf] hgtfnfO{ r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/df cfPsf JolQmx?nfO{ vfgf gv'jfpg, sfo{qmddf pkl:yt gx'g / sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ePdf ef}lts sfjf{xL ;d]t x'g] wDsL lbO/x]sf lyP .
hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lx+>s lqmofsnfk ckgfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pQm 36\gfk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb u/L s'g} klg gful/ssf] ckx/0f gug{ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 .
;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ sfg"gL cfk/flws ultljlwx?dfly s8f lgoGq0f /fVg / 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ug{ ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 . ;fy} ckxl/t k|wfgfWofks jf;' Gof}kfg]sf] ;s'zn l/xfOsf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
o;} aLr jf;' Gof}kfg]sf kl/jf/hgx?n] pxfFsf] l/xfOsf nflu ;a} /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, dfgj clwjf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cljnDj zs'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
uf]/vf lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! cf>fª uf=lj=;=df g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfh cfof]lht cfd;efdf sDAofS6 8«]; nufPsf g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] 9'+ufd'9f, s'6lk6, uf8L tf]8kmf]8 u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] cfqmd0faf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf Ps bh{g g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ceb|, clzi6 / b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lx+>s lqmofsnfk ckgfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pQm 36\gfk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb ug{ /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy} 36\gfsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn t?0f bn l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;lrj dl5Gb| v8\sfnfO{ cfh laxfg # ah] pxfFs} lgjf;:yfg ofd'gf 8fF8f uf=lj=;=af6 dfcf]jfbLx?sf] Ps ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5, l:ylt c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o; k|sf/sf] 3[l0ft lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf] cdfgjLo lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg ;r]t ub}{ ckxl/t v8\sfsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} pxfFsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg klg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; dsjfgk'/åf/f 5ltjg uf=lj=;=df cfof]lht r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . cfqmd0f k/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ^ hgf sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLx? cem} klg ax'bnLo k|ltikwf{df eGbf lx+;f, c/fhs / tf]8kmf]8df ljZjf; ub}{ cfd gful/sdf eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L PskIfLo 9+un] cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ lbjf:jKg b]Vg yfn]sf 5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] k/flht dfgl;stfsf] pkh xf] . dfcf]jfbLåf/f 36fOPsf o:tf c:j:y k|ltikwf{Tds / pR5[+vn 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg / :jR5 k|ltikwf{df pqg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ s'6lk6 / ceb| Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{ / cfrf/;+lxtf pNn3+g ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / ;'b[9 Pj+ ;zQm zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf eo / qf; d'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
:ofª\hf lhNnf If]q g+= # sf] ksjfbL uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k|;fb uf}8]n / !^ jif{sf s';' cof{nnfO{ r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/sf qmddf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmdaf6 kms{b} ubf{ lxhf] j]n'sf dfcf]jfbLx?n] ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . pxfFx?nfO{ xfn;Dd sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5, l:ylt c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] qmd;Fu} dfcf]jfbLx?sf] c/fhs / lx+>s lqmofsnfkx? a9\g yfn]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ckx/0f ug]{, 8/ / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s oftgf lbg] cToGt lgs[i6 lqmofsnfk u/]/ dfcf]jfbLx? cfkm"nfO{ clt pu|jfdkGyL / clwgfosjfbL ePsf] :ki6 kfb}{ 5g\ / lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ub}{5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] k/flht dfgl;stfsf] pkh xf] . dfcf]jfbLåf/f 36fOPsf o:tf c:j:y k|ltikwf{Tds / pR5[+vn 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg tyf ckx/0f ul/Psfx?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ / :jR5 k|ltikwf{df pqg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf pNn3+g ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / ;'b[9 Pj+ ;zQm zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf eo / qf; d'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} ckxl/t >Lk|;fb uf}8]n / s';' cof{nsf] ;s'zn l/xfOsf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q *, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
j;Gt Ct'sf] cfudg;Fu} cfk;L d]nldnfk / ;b\efjgfsf] ;Gb]z lnO{ cfPsf] xf]nL kj{ d'n'snfO{ zflGt, Pstf, kf/:kl/s ljZjf;, pRrtd ;fdflhs–g}lts d"No–dfGotf / ;Dj[l4sf] af6f] tkm{ n}hfg xfdL ;a}nfO{ k|]l/t u/f];\ eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|]; sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy} oxL @)^$ r}q @* ut] x'g] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg :jR5 k|ltikwf{Tds / dof{lbt agfpg o; kfjg kj{df ;xefuL x'g' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL lbbL–alxgL tyf bfh'–efOdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfXjfg ub}{ xf]nLsf] z'esfdgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] l;4fGt, gLlt, lgb]{zg / lxt ljkl/tsf ljleGg ultljlwdf ;+nUg /xL ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/ aGg], ltgsf k|:tfjs / ;dy{s /xg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf ;d]t g/xg] u/L oxL r}q ^ ut]sf ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lgisfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj
r}q &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
/fd]5fk lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf] ltgk'Ë uf=lj=;= df g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ cfË6fjf z]kf{n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLsf w'|j sfsL{sf] sdf08df cfd;ef ljyf]Ng] sfd ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL uf=lj=;=df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o t]haxfb'/ sfsL{sf] 3/df /flt a:g] sfo{qmd /x]sf]n] pDd]bjf/ cfË6fjf z]kf{ To;tkm{ uf8Ldf hfFb} ubf{ pxfF nufot kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ r]tfjgL lb+b} dfcf]jfbLn] uf8L ;d]t tf]8kmf]8 ul/lbPsf 5g\ / /fqL d'sfd /x]sf] ;f] 3/df dfcf]jfbLn] 3]/fjGbL u/L Ps 306fleq 3/ 5f8\g wDsL lbg'sf ;fy} 3/ g5f8]df h] klg x'g ;Sg] egL kq ;d]t lbO{ cToGt lgs[i6 / lgGbgLo lqmofsnfk u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfd gful/s;Dd k'lu/x]sf] b]Vg g;Sg] clt pu|jfdkGyL dfcf]jfbLx? sfFu|];sf] hgnx/af6 cQflnPsf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] o; k|sf/sf] cdfgjLo / u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg ;r]t u/fpFb} cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;Nofg lhNnfsf] dfemsfF8f uf=lj=;= j8f g++ % dfemsfF8f ufpFdf cfuhgL ePsf] b'Mvb va/n] g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . ;f] cfuhgLaf6 To; ufpFdf /x]sf $) eGbf a9L 3/x? hn]/ gi6 x'Fbf tL 3/wgLx?sf] cj:yfk|lt xfdL b'MvLt 5f}F . of] cj:yfdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; tL lkl8t hgtfsf] ;xof]udf h'6\g cfk\mgf :yfgLo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ cfJxfg ub{5 / lkl8t kIfnfO{ clanDa plrt /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub}{ /]8qm; nufot ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fO lbg'x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; uf]/vfsf sf]iffWoIf z'sb]j bjf8L Zofd;'Gb/ k|lti7fgsf] ;xof]udf lxdfnL o'jf Snjn] l;Dh'ª uf=lj=;=sf] 9f]8]gL ahf/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] # lbg] sfo{qmddf hfFb} ubf{ lxhf] r}q ^ ut] s/La !@M$% ah] >Lgfy sf]6 uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= @ cu'{ndf %÷^ hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfPsf jfOl;onsf sfo{stf{x?n] af6f] /f]sL ufpF k|j]z ug{ /f]s nufPsf 5g\ . If]q g+= @ sf] r'gfjL k|rf/ sfo{qmd x/]s uf=lj=;=df k'Ug] u/L to ul/Psf] lyof] . k'/fgf] ;Qfn] gofF g]kfn agfpg ;Sb}g eGb} ufpF hfgaf6 pxfFnfO{ jl~rt ul/Psf] lyof] . s/La # 306fsf] ljjfbkl5 yk #%÷$) hgf c? dfcf]jfbLx? ;d]t cfO{ pxfFnfO{ dfgl;s eo / qf; l;h{gf u/L kmsf{Psf lyP .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; +;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] qmddf cfd gful/sdf k'lu/x]sf] b]Vg g;Sg] dfcf]jfbLx? c?nfO{ 8/ / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L ufpF g} k|j]z ug{ glbg] cToGt lgs[i6 lqmofsnfkdf pqg yfn]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; pSt 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 / o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t lqmofsnfk ug]{, eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ ;/sf/n] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
88]Nw'/fsf] cd/u9L gu/kflnsfdf r}q % ut] d+unaf/ g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht r'gfjL ;efdf ;xefuL eP/ kmls{g] qmddf /flt s]=cfO=l;+x /fhdfu{ cGtu{t ;Nnf3f/L glhs ;]=!v ^)$ gDj/sf] dfOqmf]a; b'3{6gfu|:t x'Fbf * hgfsf] d[To' / @& hgf 3fOt] ePsf] 36\gfn] g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ b'MvLt agfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;f] 36\gfdf k/L d[To' x'g' ePsf ;a}sf] cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 / 3fOt] x'g' ePsfx?sf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
l6sfk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o O{Zj/l;+x ;f]8f/LnfO{ ut kmfu'g #) ut] c5fdsf] cfˆgf] k'vf}{nL 3/ glhs}sf] lrof k;ndf lrof lkO{ /x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf :yfgLo sfo{stf{ k"j{ uf=h=;= k|d'v /fd' bhL{, adaxfb'/ /fjn, ?k /fjn, ts{ /fjn, s]z/ /fjn, gGb /fjn nufotsf] hTyfn] ljgf s'g} s;'/ d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ / pxfFsf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub ?= $,%)).– -rf/ xhf/ kfFr ;o_ / Ps tf]nf ;'gsf] cf}7L ;d]t n'6L nu]sf 5g\ . ;fy} pxfF a:g] 3/ klg tf]8kmf]8 u/L 3/df /x]sf efF8fs'F8f n'6L nu]sf 5g\ . pxfFsf] clxn] s}nfnL l:yt l6sfk'/ c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . pxfF @)^$ kmfu'g @^ ut] cfˆgf] 3/ hUuf /]vb]vsf nflu c5fd l:yt cfˆgf] k'vf}{nL 3/df hfg' ePsf] lyof] .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o; k|sf/sf] cdfgjLo / cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o; 36\gfsf bf]ifLnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / Ifltk"lt{sf] pknAw u/fpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ltly glhlsb} hfFbf o;nfO{ c;kmn agfpg pBt kIf / ;d'x?jf6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf pDd]bjf/x?dfly cfqmd0f u/L xTof ug]{ h3Go / lgGbgLo 36gfx? k|f/De ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf jfFs] If]q g+= @ sf pDd]bjf/ sdnk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] Hjfnf l;+x ;d"xaf6 uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] 36gfjf6 g]kfnL sf+u|]; :tJw / b'MvL ePsf] 5 . hgtfsf] cledtjf6 k|fKt kl/0ffdsf cfwf/df hgtfnfO{ g} ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpg] b:tfj]h lgdf{0f ug]{ P]ltxfl;s If0fjf6 /fi6« cufl8 jl9/x]sf] ;dodf o;nfO{ c;kmn agfpg] s'lT;t lgotsf ;fy /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, pDd]bjf/x?, sfo{stf{ Pj+ ;dy{sx?dfly xTof ug]{ clek|fojf6 lgof]lht cfqmd0fsf 36gf k|f/De x'g' cToGt uDeL/ / lgGbgLo 5 .
g]kfnL sf+u|]; o; lsl;dsf] cfk/flws / h3Go 36gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5' . ;fy}, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, pDd]bjf/, sfo{stf{x?sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/;+u dfu ub{5 / o; lsl;dsf 36gfx? bf]xf]l/g glbgsf nflu cfjZos s8f ;'/Iff Joj:yf ckgfpg klg dfu ub{5 .
lgjf{rg cleofgdf ;lqmo sdnk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] xTofjf6 /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfnnfO{ kg{ uPsf] Ifltk|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;xfg'e'lt Pj+ b'Mv k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy}, lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGthgx?k|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q ^, @)^$
k|]; jQmJo
:g]xL ;~rf/sdL{ ;fyLx¿ Û
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] klxnf] 3f]if0ff dfkm{t\ ^ bzs cl3 k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf oxL r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] P]ltxfl;s tYo xfdL ;a}df cjut 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] o; o'ufGtsf/L 38L;Dd k'Ug d'n'sn] cg]s /fhgLlts cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ug'{ k/]sf] ljifo klg ;j{ljlbt 5 . lx+;fTds åGbaf6 b]z / hgtfnfO{ d'Qm u/L d'n'sdf zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0f agfpg / ;+ljwfg;efdf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL sfFu|];af6 lgjf{x ePsf] cu|0fL e"ldsfsf] klg o; cj;/df xfdL uf}/jsf ;fy :d/0f ug{ rfxG5f}F .
;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf k|ltlglw dfkm{t\ cfˆgf nflu ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ / hgtfdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;+:yfut ug]{ o; k'lgt cj;/nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] d'n'sdf nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4 / ;dfgtf :yflkt ug]{ /fhgLlts nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ klg 7fGb5 . cfˆgf] o:tf] p2]Zo Pj+ nIok|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|lta4 /x]sf] s'/f 3f]if0ffkqaf6 ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf] 5 . o'ufGtsf/L, P]ltxfl;s / d'n'snfO{ gjLg ;+/rgf Pj+ ;f]r lbg] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg k6s–k6s x'g] lgjf{rg xf]Og eGg] tYonfO{ x[boËd u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; cleofgnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf /fi6«, hgtf / nf]stGqsf] kIfdf ;b'kof]u ug{ sl6j4 ePsf] s'/f k'gM hf]8 lbg rfxG5f}F . /fi6« / hgtfsf kIfdf ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ pknlAwk"0f{ agfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ljljw sfo{ Pj+ ultljlw ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf]w u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 .
cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o z'qm/fh zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t o; cg'udg ;ldltn] cfhsf lbg;Dd cfkm"n] cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{ If]qsf] klxrfg / sfo{ ljefhg ;d]t k"/f u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] ;Da4 lhNnf / If]qdf ;Dks{ Pj+ ;dGjo :yfkgf u/L lhNnf sfo{;ldlt, eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yf nufot :yfgLo a'l4hLjL Pj+ hgtf / dtbftf;Fusf] ;xof]udf cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{ljlw to u/]sf] klg oxfFx¿ ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F . ;fy} kf6L{ sfo{stf{ nufot plNnlvt ;+3÷;+:yf / ltgsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;lqmo e"ldsfnfO{ clen]vj4 ug{] sfo{df Pj+ :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf / cGo /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] sfo{z}nL h:tf ljifo af/] ;d]t o; ;ldltnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] 7fpF / dfWodaf6 hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg klg ;ldltn] ;Da4 kf6L{sf ;fyLx? / ;+3÷;+:yf ;a}df xflb{s cfu|x ;d]t ub{5 . :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} nf]stGq / hgtfsf] kIfdf P]ltxfl;s cu'jfO u/]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;fd' ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ bfloTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xsf nflu cu'jfO ug{ ;Ifd 5 . o:tf] dfGotf :yflkt ug{ sfFu|];n] lng'kg]{ cu'jfOnfO{ ;fy{s / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg ;a} g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx?af6 ¿v lrGxdf dt lbg' kg]{ jftfj/0f agfpgsf nflu ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] ljZjf; klg xfdLn] lnPsf 5f}F . ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t nf]stGq / cIf'00f k|]; :jtGqtfsf] kIfkftL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] o:tf] cleofgdf ;+rf/sdL{—kqsf/ / ;~rf/ If]qaf6 ljutdf ePsf k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf ;+3if{df :j0ff{If/n] cfˆgf] gfd n]vfpg ;kmn ePsf] :d/0f u/fpFb} o; k6s klg ;+rf/sdL{x?af6 pQm Oltxf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf yfDg] sfd x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . ;a} g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx?af6 ¿v lrGxsf] kIfdf hgdt h'6fO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ P]ltxfl;s bfloTj k"/f ug]{ sfo{df cu'jfO{ ug]{ pQ/bfloTj g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf ;a}sf] ;t\k|]d ¿v lrGxsf] kIfdf hgdt h'6fpg] sfo{df of]ubfg x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ljZj:t 5 . ;xof]usf nflu oxfFx? ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 5 .
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;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ca sl/j tLg xKtf dfq jfFsL 5 . lhDd]jf/ ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?, vf;u/L /fhgLlts bnx? ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu OdfGbf/Lk'j{s lqmofzLn /xg' cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; zflGtk"0f{ / ;fy{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg b]ze/ lqmofzLn 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] kfngf u/L k|rf/ k|;f/ ul//x]sf] 5 / r'gfj ;DkGg geP;Ddsf nflu xfdL cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug{ k|ltj4 5f}F . xfd|f g]tf, sfo{stf{ Pj+ ;d:t ;dy{s / z'e]R5'sx?n] To;} cg'?k k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L cledt k|s6 ub{5f}F . 3f]if0ffkq pNn]v ul/Psf jfrfx? k"/f ug{ pBt 5f}F . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/L s'g} klg k|sf/sf] tfgfzfxL jf clwgfostGqnfO{ s'g} klg gfpF jf jxfgfdf cfpg glbO{ zfGt, ;d[4 / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t nf]stflGqs k4lt :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljho ;'lglZrt ug{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljhon] g} of] ;Dej 5 .

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnf tyf pk;efkltx?, dxfdGqLx? nufotsf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?sf] l5§} b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf cfd;ef ug]{ sfo{qmd x'Fb}5 . ;fy} kf6L{sf o'jf g]tfx?nfO{ ;d]t r'gfj k|rf/ k|;f/sf] cleofgdf b]ze/ v6fOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ cem a9L z;Qm / k|efjsf/L jgfpg b}lgs ?kdf b]ze/df eO/x]sf kf6L{ut ultljlwx?sf] /]s8{ ;+sng u/L ;f] cg';f/ cfjZos sfd sf/jfxL ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, lgjf{rg;+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx?sf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu kf6L{sf cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o z'qm/fh zdf{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . kfr} ljsf; If]qdf ;d]t o; ;ldltn] If]qLo ;ldlt u7g ul/;s]sf] 5 . lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; nufot cGo /fhgLlts bnx? cf–cfˆgf] 7fpFjf6 OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;lqmo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

t/, g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? Pj+ cGo ;z:q ;d"xx? nufotjf6 lbgx'F h;f] b]zsf ljleGg :yfgx?df eO{/x]sf lgjf{rg lj/f]wL ultljlwx?n] lgjf{rgk|lt cfZj:t alg/x]sf hgtf / /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ ;d]t z;+lst jgfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . lgjf{rg ;DjGwL cfrf/;+lxtf nfu' eO{;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbLn] ;/sf/L 5fkf / >Jo–b[io ;+rf/ dfWodx?sf] Jofks b'?kof]u ug]{ sfd cfh;Dd klg hf/L 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;lxt cGo bnsf pDd]bjf/dfly ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug]{, Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg], ckx/0f ug]{, If]q k|j]zdf lgif]wsf] slyt cfb]z hf/L ug]{, gub tyf ;+rf/ ;]6 nufot lhG;L ;dfg n'6\g], ufnL j]OHhtL ug]{ h:tf lx+;fTds / cfk/flws ultljlwx? lg/Gt/ hf/L 5g .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ / cGo bn tyf bnsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?åf/f cfof]lht ;ef, ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L / /fhgLlts ultljlwx?df cj/f]w ;[hgf ug]{ sfdx? hf/L /x]sf 5g . lzlj/x?df ;"lrs[t u/L /flvPsf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x?sf] b}lgs pkl:ylt (Roll Call) lnO{ pgLx?sf] ultljlwx?sf] jf/]df cgudg ul/g' h?/L 5 . lzlj/df /x]sf n8fs'x? lzlj/ jflx/ lgl:sP/ lgjf{rg lj/f]wL ultljlwx?df ;lqmo /x]sf] ;"rgfx? k|fKt eO{/x]sf 5g . o;y{, o; ljifodf /fi6«;+3Lo ld;g g]kfn -cgdLg_, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u nufotsf lgsfox?jf6 klg ;hutf ckgfpg' h?/L b]lvG5 . ;fy}, ;/sf/df /x]sf dfcf]jfbLsf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?sf] lgjf{rg If]qx?df Jofks ?kdf ;/sf/L ;fwg >f]tsf] b'?kof]u u/L ;8s, uf]/]6f]–3f]8]6f] jf6f], s"nf], afFw, t6jGw lgdf{0f nufotsf cfrf/;+lxtfsf] 7f8f] pNn3+g ug]{ lsl;dsf sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g . sf7df08f}+ nufotsf zx/L If]qdf ;d]t dfcf]jfbLn] slyt 3/ b}nf] sfo{qmdsf gfddf 3/–3/df k'u]/ wDSofpg], t;f{pg], vj/bf/L ug]{ nufotsf zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g .

g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nufotsf bnx?jf6 cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] pNn+3g ug]{ sfd hf/L 5 . leQ] n]vgx? d]6\g] sfd ePsf] 5}g . g]=s=kf= Pdfn]jf6 v]ns'b kl/ifbsf jxfnjfnf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfˆgf] r'gfjL ultljlwx?df k|of]u ug]{, k|lzIf0f lbg] sfdx? eO/x]sf 5g . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfpg' cfjZos 5, lgjf{rg ltly glhlsb} hfFbf pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;'/Iff l:ytL klg sdhf]/ h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] cledtnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ lsl;dsf sfd sfjf{xLdf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ;f+u7lgs ?kdf g} ;lqmo b]lvG5g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] kIfdf gcfPdf csf]{ ljb|f]x u/]/ ;Qf sJhf ub}{ dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] cf}lrTotf / ckl/xfo{tf dfly uDeL/ k|Zg v8f u/]sf] 5 .
• jfFs] If]q g+= @ sf /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf pDd]bjf/ sdn k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] Hjfnf l;+x ;d"xaf6 uf]nL xfgL xTof ePsf] 5 .
• g]kfnL sFu|]; ;'v]{t lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;;+bsf ;b:o lzj/fh hf]zL dfyL dfcf]jfbLx?sf sfo{stf{x?n] ut kmfNu'g #) ut]sf lbg cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} ufnL unf}h u/L ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ceb| Jojxf/ k|b{zg u/]sf lyP .
• cf]vn9'Ëf lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! sf pDd]bjf/ afns[i0f bfxfndfyL r}q @ ut] dfcf]jfbLsf] c/fhs / lx+zfTds hTyfn] Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fy uf]nL ;d]t k|xf/ u/L cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP h;df >L bfxfn tyf ;'>L lnnf bfxfn ;lxt kf6L{sf cfwf bh{g g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? 3fO{t] ePsf lyP .
• uf]/vfsf] n'O{6]n eGg] 7fpFdf r}q @ ut] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? jl;/x]sf] 3/df /ftL P3f/ jh] dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+zfTds hTyf k|j]z u/L cRo"t Gof}kfg] / cd/ lwtfndfyL ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L ;Vt 3fO{t] jgfPsf ;fy}, pxfFx?sf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub /sd ;f]x| xhf/ / df]jfO{n ;]6 n'6]/ nu]sf 5g .
• dfcf]jfbLx?n] wflbË If]q g+= ! sf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? lgsnd tfdfË / Ps jxfb'/ tfdfËnfO{ r}q ! ut] ;TojtL uf=lj=; jf6 ckx/0f u/L j]kQf jgfPsf 5g .
• g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;f]n'åf/f r}q % ut] @ jh] uf]nL uf=lj=;= sf] sfKkL eGg] 7fpFdf cfof]lht 3/b}nf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL kf6L{sf :yflgo g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? pk/ dfcf]jfbLsf] lx|;+s / c/fhs ;d'xn] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L sfo{qmd u/L dfO{s / kf6L{sf] em08f ;d]t vf];]/ nu]sf lyP .
• dfcf]jfbLx?n] aemfª n]s ufpF uf=lj=;= sf] a'8vf]/Ldf r'gfj k|rf/ cleofgdf uPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ ch'{gh+uaxfb'/ l;+xnfO{ sfo{stf{sf] 3/df ;'lt/x]sf] a]nf r}q % ut] /flt s/La !) ah]lt/ 9'+ufd'8f k|xf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
• b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df dfcf]jfbLx?n] s]–s];/L dtbfg s]Gb| sJhfdf lng] / r}q @* ut]sf lbg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kl/0ffdnfO{ cfˆgf] kIfdf kfg{ ;lsG5 egL n8fs'x?nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbO/x]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf ultljlwx? dfcf]jfbLjf6 lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf 5g .
• jlb{of, tfKn]h'ª, bfª, gjnk/f;L, /;'jf, c5fd nufotsf lhNnfx?df dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+>s / c/fhs ultljlw e}/x]sf 5g\ .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] Psdfq /fli6«o sfo{qmdnfO{ c;kmn jgfpg] b'/f;osf ;fy dfcf]jfbLjf6 x'Fb} / ul/b} cfPsf lqmofsnfkx?k|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; ulDe/ rf;f] / lrGtf JoQm ub{5 .
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g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ ;f+;b nf]s/fh hf]zLsf] lxhf] r}q % ut] lq=lj=lzIf0f c:ktfndf pkrf/sf qmddf lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 @)$* ;fndf aemfª If]q g+= @ af6 ;+;b ;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf pxfFn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf b'O{ >LdtL, Ps 5f]/f / rf/ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
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;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ltly glhlsb} hfFbf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf g]tfx?sf cleJolQm Pj+ sfo{x?n] b]zJofkL ?kdf ul//x]sf ck/fw, lx+;fTds / zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ s[ofsnfkx?n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgk|ltsf] plgx?sf] k|ltj4tfk|lt uDeL/ k|Zg p7\g uPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; nufot cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf pDd]bjf/x? nufot sfo{stf{x? pk/ ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug]{, Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg], ckx/0f ug]{ tyf ;fydf /x]sf] gub tyf ;+rf/ ;]6x? ;d]t n'6L n}hfg], ufnL j]O{HhtL ug]{ / :yfgxbsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ h:tf cfk/flws s[ofsnfk dfcf]jfbLjf6 lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sf+u|]; o; lsl;dsf 36gfx?k|lt s8f cfklt k|s6 ub}{ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
:jtGq, lgikIf / wfwnL/lxt jftfj/0fdf ;j} g]kfnLn] lgle{stfk"j{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf cfˆgf] cledt k|s6 ug]{ jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ d4t k'¥ofpg' kg]{df ;/sf/s} lx:;]bf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] dfcf]jfbLjf6 ;+:yfut ?kdf g} o; lsl;dsf cfk/flws ultljlwx? hf/L /flvg'n] pgLx?sf] hgtfk|ltsf] cljZjf;nfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLjf6 eO/x]sf o; lsl;dsf ultljlwx? t'?Gt jGb u/L hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ / hgdtjf6 cfkm'nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ nf]stlGqs k4ltdf ;lqmo /xg g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;hu u/fpFb5 .
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r}q %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;f]n'åf/f uf]nL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^ sf] sfKkL eGg] :yfgdf cfh lbpF;f] @ cfof]lht 3/b}nf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf :yfgLo g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf c/fhs, pQ]hs / lx+>s hTyfn] cfqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ . 3/b}nf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?dfly g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] 9'+uf a;f{pFbf s]xL sfo{stf{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} ;f]] sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] cfwf/ Onfsfdf k|j]z ug{ gkfOg] wDsL ;d]t lb+b} k|of]u ul/Psf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] em08f / dfOs ;d]t pgLx?n] vf];]/ nu]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lx+>s lqmofsnfk ckgfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo hgtf / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{sf] cTolws ;dy{g / ;fx;sf] k|bz{gsf sf/0f cfqmd0f kl5 dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x? efu]sf lyP . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pQm 36\gfk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb u/L /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb5 .
;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ sfg"gL cfk/flws ultljlwx?dfly s8f lgoGq0f /fVg / 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ug{ ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ 1fgL z+s/ lu/Lsf] ut kmfu'g #) ut] lalxaf/sf lbg lgwg eof] . pxfF @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] k6s k6s u/L s/La * jif{ h]n hLjg / ef/tdf ;d]t lgjf{l;t hLjg latfpg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn k|hftGq ;]gfgL ;+3sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv sfo{;ldltdf a;L ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] / xfn pxfF ;f] ;+3sf] jl/i7 pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFn] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ub}{ pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] pxfFsf] lgwgdf Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . jQmJodf pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] 5—
æg]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ 1fgL z+s/ lu/Lsf] lgwgsf] ;dfrf/n] dnfO{ cToGt b'MvLt agfPsf] 5 . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Oltxf;df ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 . pxfFsf] lgwgdf d ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5' .Æ
o;/L g} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] klg Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ eGg' ePsf] 5 —
æ1fgL z+s/ lu/Lsf] lgwgn] d cToGt b'MvLt ePsf] 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df /x]/ 1fgL z+s/ lu/Ln] g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwgn] g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] lgwgdf d b'Mv JoQm ub{5' / ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5' .Æ

To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL >L ljdn]Gb| lglwn] 1fgL z+s/ lu/Lsf] lgwgdf b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lb+ujt cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df dxfdGqL >L lglwn] ;dj]bgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

ldltM @)^$.!@.)#
k|]; lj1lKt
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt glhlsb} hfFbf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf, sfo{stf{ Pj+ ;dy{sx?nfO{ s'6lk6, n'6kf6 ug]{, ckx/0f, 8/, wfs, wlDs lbg], lgjf{rg k|rf/ k|;f/df /f]s nufpg] nufotsf cjflG5t / u}/sfg'gL ultljwx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/b} cfPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf ultljwx? k|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;gf{ ub{5 .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ jf6 uf]/vf n'O6]n eGg] 7fpFjf6 lxhf] /ftL P3f/ jh] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? jl;/x]sf] :yfgdf cfO{ cRo"t Gof}kfg] / cd/ lwtfn dfyL cfqmd0f ug'{sf ;fy} pxfFx?sf] ;fydf /x]sf] gub ?= !%,)))÷– -kGw|xhf/_ / df]jfOn ;]6 ;d]t n'6L nu]sf] / pxfFx?nfO{ pQm If]qdf k|j]z ug{sf nflu slyt lgif]wsf] cfb]z ul/ lgjf{w /fhgLlts lgjf{rg If]q g+= !, ;fob]jL uflj;jf6 kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? lgsnd tfdfË / Ps jxfb'/ tfdfËnfO{ klg r}q ! ut] ckx/0f ul/ j]kQf jgfPsf 5g\ .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ o; lsl;dsf zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ / cfk/flws ultljlwx? t'?Gt jGb ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 / ckx/0f ul/Psf ;j}nfO{ tTsfn l/xfO ul/ n'l6Psf] gu/ tyf ;fdfu|L lkmtf{ ug{ cfu|x ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q #, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ 1fgL z+s/ lu/Lsf] ut kmfu'g #) ut] lalxaf/sf lbg lgwg eof] . pxfF @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] k6s k6s u/L s/La * jif{ h]n hLjg / ef/tdf ;d]t lgjf{l;t hLjg latfpg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn k|hftGq ;]gfgL ;+3sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv sfo{;ldltdf a;L ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] / xfn pxfF ;f] ;+3sf] jl/i7 pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFn] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ub}{ pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q #, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; cf]vn9'+ufåf/f If]q g+= ! sf] kftn] uf=lj=;= df cfof]lht ;efdf ;xefuL eO{ kms{g] qmddf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf c/fhs, pQ]hs / lx+>s hTyfx?åf/f g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ afns[i0f bfxfndfly Hofg dfg]{ p2]Zon] 9'+ufd'9f k|xf/ ug'{sf ;fy} uf]nL k|xf/ ;d]t 5g\ . pSt 36\gfdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sL ;'>L nLnf bfxfn ;Vt 3fOt] ePsL 5g\ . hgtfsf] cledtaf6 xf/ vfg] ePkl5 dfcf]jfbLn] lx+>s lqmofsnfk ckgfPsf 5g\ . hgtf / sfo{stf{sf] cTolws ;dy{g / ;fx;sf] k|bz{gsf sf/0f cfqmd0f kl5 dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x? efu]sf lyP . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pQm 36\gfk|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ lhDd]jf/ ultljlwx? t'?Gt aGb u/L /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] k|ltj4tf cg';f/sf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb5 .
;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ o; lsl;dsf lx+>s, c/fhs / u}/ sfg"gL cfk/flws ultljlwx?dfly s8f lgoGq0f /fVg / 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;'v]{t lhNnf lgjf{rg If]q g+= # sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pDd]bjf/ Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o lzj/fh hf]zLnfO{ ut kmfu'g #) ut] g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;onsf sfo{stf{x?n] ufnL unf}h / x'nx'Hht nufotsf ceb| Jojxf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhgLlts k|ltikwf{sf cfwf/df j}rfl/s åGb ug'{kg]{df dfcf]jfbLx? cfkm"nfO{ u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf ?kfGt/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] nf]stflGqs Jojxf/df s'g} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{} o:tf cjf+l5t lqmofsnfkx? k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o;/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x / JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

r}q @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ k|;f/ ;ldltsf ;b:o, jl/i7 kqsf/ Pj+ tgx'F lhNnf j;Gtk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # /D3f lgjf;L t]hk|sfz kl08tsf] &@ jifL{of dftf gd{bf kl08tsf] cfh pkrf/sf] qmddf lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] % 5f]/f / @ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

ldltM @)^$.!@.@
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; tyf kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ ljhoL jgfpg' kf6L{sf ;j} lhDd]jf/ g]tf, sfo{stf{ Pj+ ;dy{sx?sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft b]zdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu klg g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ ljhoL jgfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
o;y{, ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg @)^$ df kf6L{sf cflwsfl/s pDd]bjf/sf lj?4df pDd]bjf/L lbPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?n] oxL r}q $ ut] leq ;fj{hlgs jQmJo dfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] pDd]bjf/L /2 u/]sf] / kf6L{sf cflwsfl/s pDd]bjf/nfO{ dtbfg ug{ cfJxfg ug]{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ lqmofzLn /xg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . olb To;f] gu/L kf6L{ lxt ljk/Lt ;lqmo /xL /x]df To:tf pDd]bjf/, k|:tfjs / ;dy{sx?nfO @)^$ r}q % ut]sf ldltjf6 nfu' x'g] u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:ojf6 :jtM lgisfzg x'g] lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, pQm pDd]b\jf/x?sf kIfdf k|rf/ k|;f/ / ;dy{g ug]{x?nfO{ klg kf6L{n] cg'zf;gsf] s8f sfjf{xL ug]{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

kmfu'g @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn l:yt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ld;g -cgldg_ sf] x]lnsK6/ ;f]daf/ /fd]5fksf] a]yfgdf b'3{6gfu|:t x'Fbf g]kfnL / ljb]zL gful/s u/L !) hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy} d[tssf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

df3 @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] a}7s k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8fF}df cfh a:of] . a}7sdf cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ rog ;DaGwdf 5nkmn k|f/De eof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

df3 @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
k|l;4 snfsf/ Pj+ xf:o cleg]tf uf]kfn/fh d}gfnLsf] ut /flt c;fdlos lgwg ePsf] va/af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] rnlrq If]qdf cfˆgf] leGb} klxrfg agfpg ;kmn :j= d}gfnLn] snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /lx/xg]5 .
b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGthgx?df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

 

df3 @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" nufot bfr'{nfsf :yfgLo g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?dfly dfcf]jfbLsf] xfn}sf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f / 3/df tfnf nufO{ aflx/af6} cfuf] nufO{ Hofg} lng] cToGt kfzljs / g[z+z xTofsf] k|of; kZrft\ klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?n] c/fhstf, lx+;f / u}/ lhDd]jf/ lqmofsnfk cem} klg 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ .
o;} qmddf lxhf] df3 @% ut] k'rf}{gLxf6 uf=lj=;= df lbpF;f] @ ah] g]kfnL sfFu|]; a}t8Ln] cfof]hgf u/]sf] cfd;efdf dfcf]jfbLx?n] xdnf u/L ;efnfO{ cj?4 agfpg'sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu];sf ;f+;b g/]Gb|axfb'/ ad, k"j{ ;f+;b s[i0fs'df/ hf]zL, a}t8L lhNnfsf ;efklt g/]Gb|l;+x lji6, s0f{axfb'/ wfg's nufot g]kfnL sfFu|];sf Ps bh{g eGbf a9L sfo{stf{nfO{ uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|rf/fTds cleofg cGtu{t cfd hgtf ;dIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; k'lu/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx? ctflnPsf 5g\ / j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv @# j'Fb] ;xdltnfO{ 7f8} pNn+3g u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ af/Daf/ nlIft ub}{ Pskl5 csf]{ k|xf/ ug{] dfcf]jfbLsf] clwgfosjfbL ;f]r, z}nL / ;f] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . zflGt k|lqmofdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 ;+;b / ;/sf/df ;Ddfghgs x}l;ot kfPsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ af6 xfn}sf lbgx?df ul/+b} cfPsf clwgfosjfbL lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsfk|lt pgLx?sf] k|ltj4tfdf uDeL/ k|Zg v8f u/]sf] 5 . cj}wflgs, c/fhs / zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ Tofu]/ zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLltdf ;lqmo /xL lgwf{l/t ltlydf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] /fli6«o cleofgdf k'gM afws gaGg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t ub{5 . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;ef, sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] xf]Og sL cfˆg} ;ef, sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ lj/f]w ug]{ nf]stflGqs k4lt ckgfpg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
zflGtk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng dfkm{t g]kfnL hgtfn] cleJoQm u/]sf] rfxgf adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu hgcfGbf]ngsf kIfw/ / ;/sf/df ;+nUg /fhg}lts bnx? a9L OdfGbf/ / lhDd]jf/ /xg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . t/ zflGt k|lqmofdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 ;+;b / ;/sf/df ;Ddfghgs x}l;ot kfPsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ af6 xfn}sf lbgx?df ul/+b} cfPsf c/fhs, c;+j}wflgs, lx+>s / u}/ lhDd]jf/ lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsfk|lt pgLx?sf] k|ltj4tfdf uDeL/ k|Zg v8f u/]sf] 5 .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ af6 :yfgLo lgsfo u7g x'g g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df slyt æqmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\Æ k'gM lqmofzLn ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft /fhg}lts bnx?, ;/sf/ tyf /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u ;d]tsf aLr ePsf lj:t[t zflGt ;+emf}tf nufot cGo ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ug]{ u/L Ps kIfLo ?kdf ul/Psf] pQm x7k"0f{ / u}/ lhDd]jf/ lg0f{o t'?Gt lkmtf{ lng g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 / cj}wflgs, c/fhs / zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ Tofu]/ zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLltdf ;lqmo /xL lgwf{l/t ltlydf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] /fli6«o cleofgdf k'gM afws gaGg ;r]t ub{5 . ;fy}, slyt qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\ ;lqmo agfpg] lg0f{o lkmtf{ gul/Pdf To;af6 pTkGg x'g] kl/l:yltsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ / /fi6«nfO{ k'Ug hfg] Ifltk|lt ;r]t /xg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;hu u/fpg rfxG5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @$, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{afxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnsf cflbjf;L tfdfª, z]kf{ ;d"bfosf] Nxf];f/sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf ;Dk"0f{ tfdfª, z]kf{ lbbL–a}gL tyf bfh'–efOx?df z'e–sfdgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] z'e–sfdgfdf eGg' ePsf] 5—
g]kfnsf cflbjf;L tfdfª, z]kf{ ;d"bfosf] Nxf];f/ -gofF jif{_ sf] pknIodf b]zsf] pTyfgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg], cfˆg} /Lltl/jfh / ;+:s[lt ePsf ;Dk"0f{ tfdfª, z]kf{ lbbL–a}gL tyf bfh'–efOx?df d xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
nf]stGqdf dfq ;a} hft–hflt, ;a} efiff–efifL tyf ;a} wd{ / ;+:s[ltn] ;dfg cj;/ kfpF5g\ . tfdfª, z]kf{ ;d'bfosf] cfˆg} /Lltl/jfh Pj+ ;+:s[lt /x]sf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf] /Iff ug'{ tyf ltgnfO{ efjL k':tfx?sf nflu klg hLjGt /fVg' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L xf] . o;sf] ;Dj4{g / ljsf; nf]stGqdf dfq} ;Dej x'G5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;fdflhs e]befj lj?4 tyf ;a}sf] ;dfg xs / clwsf/ :yfkgfsf nflu n8fOF nl8/x]sf] 5 .
nf]stGqdf dfq hflt, efiff, wd{, j0f{ / c? s'g} klg sf/0faf6 s;}nfO{ klg ljefhg u/]/ nf]stGqn] s;}sf] klg e]b\efj ub}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdL s;}n] klg lj;{g' x'Fb}g .
of] Nxf];f/ — gofF jif{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf lgldQ ;'v, zflGt / cfk;L Pstfsf] jif{ agf];\, oxL d]/f] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf Û
ho g]kfn Û
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @$, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf Û
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf kZrft /fi6«sf ;a} hft–hflt, wd{, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo / ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] ;d]t plrt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] Ps dfq /fli6«o sfo{qmdsf ;fy xfdL cufl8 al9/x]sf 5f}F . cflbjf;L hghfltx? nufot ;a} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf lge{otfk"j{s ;l/s x'g ;s]df dfq ca aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;a}sf] clwsf/sf] Uof/]06L ug]{ lglZrt 5 . o;y{, 3f]lift ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] klg cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 ;lqmo / lhDd]jf/ aGg' k/]sf] 5 .
z]kf{, nfdf tyf tfdfªx?sf] gofF jif{ Nxf];f/sf cj;/df pxfFx? ;a}df ;'v, zflGt Pj+ k|ultsf nflu xflb{s z'e–sfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

df3 @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
sf7df8f}sf] gofF jfg]Zj/ l:yt gf]a]n Ps]8]dLsf] 5fqfjf;af6 g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;onsf sfo{stf{x?n] ToxfF cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ljwfg r'gf/f, ljlkg vqL / ;'dg >]i7nfO{ cfh lbpF;f] !M#) ah] ljgf sf/0f ckx/0f u/L nu]sf] 5g\ / xfn;Dd pgLx? sxfF, s'g cj:yf /x]sf 5g\, l:ylt c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv @# j'Fb] ;xdlt;Dd cfpFbf klg dfcf]jfbLsf Jojxf/ / rl/qdf s'g} klg kl/jt{g cfpFg ;s]sf] 5}g . cem} klg pgLx? j}rfl/s åGbdf eGbf lx+;f / clwgfosjfbdf ljZjf; ul//x]sf] log} 36\gfqmdx?n] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . lgxTyf / lgbf]{if ljBfyL{x?sf] ckx/0f ug]{ jfOl;onsf] lgGbgLo / 3[l0ft lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} ckxl/t ljBfyL{x?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3÷;+:yfx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 / o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; bfr'{nfn] ufpF cleofg sfo{qmd cGtu{t lxhf] df3 @@ ut] nl6gfy uf=lj=;=df cfof]lht sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?n] 9'+ufd'9f / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;f+3flts ?kdf s'6lk6 u/L sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0fdf k/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" ;Vt 3fOt] x'g' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] 9fF8 tyf z/L/sf ljleGg efudf rf]6k6s nfu]sf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf x]dGt lji6sf] 6fpFsf]df, g/]Gb|l;+x wfdL, z]/l;+x wfdL / x/sl;+x wfdLsf] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf rf]6k6s nfu]sf] 5 . pxfFx? ;lxt g]kfn k|x/Lsf ^ hgf 3fOt]x?nfO{ cfh} x]lnsf]K6/af6 sf7df8fF} NofOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" ;lxt % hgfsf] lqlj lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf tyf g]kfn k|x/Lsf hjfgx?nfO{ g]kfn k|x/L c:ktfndf clxn] pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; bfr'{nfn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj k|rf/sf qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"sf] g]t[Tjdf lhNnfsf u|fdL0f e]udf ;ef / k|rf/ k|;f/ ub}{ Ps ;ftfb]lv ufpF cleofg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . o; cl3 klg lhNnfsf] anfr uf=lj=;=df o;/L g} dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{n] sfo{qmd layf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf lyP .
j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv @# j'Fb] ;xdlt;Dd cfpFbf klg dfcf]jfbLsf Jojxf/ / rl/qdf s'g} klg kl/jt{g cfpFg ;s]sf] 5}g . cem} klg pgLx? j}rfl/s åGbdf eGbf lx+;f / clwgfosjfbdf ljZjf; ul//x]sf] log} 36\gfqmdx?n] k'li6 ul//x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg b]zsf] cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf; xf] . nf]stGq / g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] r'gfjL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ b]zsf ;a} efudf k|rf/fTds cleofg cGtu{t g]kfnL sfFu|];n] tLj| kfb}{ nu]sf] 5 . cfd hgtf ;dIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; k'lu/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx? ctflnPsf 5g\ / j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv @# j'Fb] ;xdltnfO{ 7f8} pNn+3g u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ af/Daf/ nlIft ub}{ Pskl5 csf]{ k|xf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] dfcf]jfbLsf] clwgfosjfbL ;f]r, z}nL / 3l6t 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;ef, sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] xf]Og sL cfˆg} ;ef, sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ lj/f]w ug]{ nf]stflGqs k4lt ckgfpg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;Kt/Lsf] /fhlj/fhdf cfOtaf/ ePsf] sfFu|];sf] r'gfjL ;ef :yn /fh /+uzfnf cf;kf;sf] If]qdf >[v+nfj4 Ps bh{g ad ljikmf]6 u/fOPsf] 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . ad ljikmf]6af6 Ps aRrf;lxt kfFr hgf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
ad ljikmf]6 u/fO{ cftÍ l;h{gf ug{ vf]lhPtf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ k"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, dxfdGqL ljdn]Gb| lglw, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o afns[i0f vfF0f / kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L, u[x /fHodGqL /fds'df/ rf}w/L nufotn] cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] k"jL{ t/fO{sf w]/} h;f] :yfgdf ljut s]xL ;dob]lv ad ljikmf]6 u/fOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; / nf]stGq Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s /x]sf]n] sfFu|];nfO{ ql;t agfpg vf]Hg] k|of;sf] ?kdf o;/L sfFu|];sf] cfd;ef ljyf]Ng] / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg glbg] cToGt lgGbgLo / u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk h'g;'s} ;d"x jf JolQmn] u/]sf] ePtf klg To;sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} of] ljikmf]6nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;+ljwfg;ef lj/f]wL] lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ;d"x÷JolQmx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/snfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg Pj+ ad ljikmf]6df k/L 3fOt] x'g]x?sf] pkrf/df ;d'lrt ;xof]u k'¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;+;bsf k"j{ dxf;lrj hLjgnfn ;Tofnsf] *) jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] zlgjf/ laxfg lgwg eof] . pxfF ;fdfGo /Qmrfk / bdsf] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
ut df3 !& ut] ljxfg !) ah] bfª lhNnfsf] If]q g+= @ sf] nfndl6of uf=lj=;=sf] ;efsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;onsf sfo{stf{x?n] ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . ;efdf ;xefuL x'g cfPsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ af6f]df 9'+ufd'8f /fvL ;ef:yn;Dd hfg cj/f]w l;h{gf ug]{, af6f] / cfd;ef :yndf sfnf] em08f k|bz{g ug{], t'n Pj+ km'ndfnfx? gbLdf kmflnlbg] h:tf u}/ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] ;efnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o v'daxfb'/ v8\sfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gn] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]tf klg ;ef ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnsf] ;ef ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]/ g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLn] @# j'Fb] ;xdltsf] pn+3g u/]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf c/fhgLlts ultljlw gug{ dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ ;hu u/fpFb5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ ;f+;b Pj+ dxf;ldlt ;b:o /d]z l/hfnsf] jL/u~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf—( /fd6f]n l:yt lgjf; glhs lxhf] ;fFem c1ft ;d"xaf6 ad ljikmf]6g u/fO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg vf]lhPsf] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;'lglZrt aGb} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmd :ynx?df / g]tfx?sf lgjf; glhs ljikmf]6g u/fO{ hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg vf]Hg' cToGt lgs[i6 cfk/flws sfo{ xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf u}/ lhDd]jf/ / cfk/flws ultljlw t'?Gt aGb u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf kIfdf lqmofzLn /xg ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/ kIfx?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} pQm 36\gfsf ck/fwLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ tyf cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
ljut s]xL ;dob]lv ljleGg kqklqsfx?n] e|fds, em'¶f / sfNklgs ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]xL s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?nfO{ jb\gfd ug]{ k|of;x? ul//x]sf 5g\ . /fhwfgLaf6 b}lgs ?kdf lg:sg] gofF klqsfsf] df3 !&, @)^$ sf] c+sdf …uf]ljGb/fhn] ;'6'Ss e]6 /fhfÚ zLif{sdf klqsfsf] d'Vo k[i7d} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] gfd pNn]v u/L pxfFsf] rl/q xTof / dfgdb{g ug]{ cToGt tNnf] :t/sf] lgs[i6 sfo{ u/]sf] tyf To;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df cGo s]xL s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?sf] ;d]t gfd pNn]v ul/Psf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . kqsfl/tfdflysf] ljZj;gLotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGX v8f x'g] u/L cfwf/ / tYoxLg ?kdf clt/l~ht / e|fds ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/]/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; / o;sf g]tfx?nfO{ abgfd ug{ vf]lhPsf] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ cfklQ, lgGbf / lj/f]w k|s6 ub{5 . gofF klqsfn] o; k|sf/sf] clt/l~ht ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/L cfd gful/snfO{ lbUe|ldt kf/]sf]df of] ;dfrf/df s'g} ;Totf g/x]sf] tkm{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !*, @)^$
k]|; lj1lKt
?kGb]xL lhNnfsf ;+:yfks lhNnf ;b:o Pj+ ?kGb]xL lhNnf s/lxof uf=lj=;= sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ *$ jifL{o wlg/fd 9sfnsf] cfh lgwg eof] . pxfF @))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGtdf :ofª\hf lhNnfdf vl6P/ :jtGq ;]gfgLsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;+nUg /xFbf tTsfnLg Joj:yfn] pxfFnfO{ /fhsfh d'2f ;d]t nufPsf] lyof] . @)%* kmfu'g & ut] pxfFnfO{ :jtGq ;]gfgLsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ?kGb]xLn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
:j= avfgl;+x u'?ªsf] h]7f 5f]/f tyf @)!* ;fnsf zxLb nfnWjh u'?ªsf] sfG5L >LdtL jif{ *$ sL u+ufb]jL u'?ªsf] lxhf] df3 !^ ut] zxLb lbj;sf lbg /flt !) ah] pxfFs} lgjf;:yfg e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ sf] If]qk'/df lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;lqmo sfo{stf{ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf # 5f]/f / @ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] bfx;+:sf/ cfh !! ah] b]j3f6df ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ªn] >LdtL u+ufb]jL u'?ªsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pxfFsf kl/jf/n] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 / pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo k|ltlglw tyf g]kfn t?0f bnsf ufpF ;ldltsf ;efklt uf]kfn]Zj/ yfkfsf] c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm
ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; k;f{sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o k|sfz pkfWofosf] lktf kz'kltk|;fb pkfWofo -e§/fO{_ sf] df3 !% ut] lgwg eof] . pxfF k;f{ lhNnfsf k"j{ Gofoflwz x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm
ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;ft bnLo PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpFb} cfufdL r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsfk|lt cfd g]kfnL hgtfx?nfO{ cfZj:t / lqmofzLn agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy b]zsf k|d'v ;ft :yfgx?df cfof]hgf ul/Psf ;ft bnLo ;+o'Qm cfd;efsf sfo{qmd cGtu{t lxhf] jL/u~hdf cfhf]lht ;+o'Qm cfd;efsf] clGtd sfo{qmd ;+rfng eO/x]sf] ;dodf ad ljikmf]6 u/fOPsf 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf k|lt cfd hgtfdf b]lvPsf pT;fx / ;ft bnLo Pstfaf6 cQflnPsf lgjf{rg lj/f]wL / oyfl:yltjfbL tTjx?af6 36fOPsf] pQm ad ljikmf]6gaf6 k;f{ lhNnfsf k|lhc ef]nf lzjfsf]6L, g]kfnL sfFu|]; dsjfgk'/sf ;efklt /fdrGb| cof{n …dfOsnÚ, ;lrj k|bLknfn >]i7, g]lj;+3sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o OlDtofh cfnd nfuot $@ hgfeGbf a9L 3fOt] x'g' ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . lx+;fTds ultljlwaf6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] s'lT;t lgotsf ;fy 36fOPsf o; lsl;dsf 36\gfx?af6 ljleGg lj/f]wL tTjx?sf] clei6 sbflk k"/f gx'g] lglZrt 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf h3Go, cfk/flws / lx+;fTds ultljlw t'?Gt aGb ug{ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf kIfdf ;lqmo /xg ;DalGwt ;a} kIfnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt cem ;'b[9 kfg{ / jL/u~hsf] 36\gfdf 3fOt] ePsfx? ;a}sf] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ / kLl8t kl/jf/x?nfO{ plrt /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] zxLb lbj;sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf cfh ;Dk"0f{ zxLbx?k|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . sfo{jfxs ;efklt sf]O/fnfn] eGg' ePsf] 5 —
ælj=;+= !((& b]lv @)^@÷^# x'Fb} cfh;Dd nf]stGq :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfsf] nfdf] ;+3if{df cg]sf}F jL/ ;k'tx?n] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] cfx'lt lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ k"0f{ /fhsLo;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpgsf nflu cfkm"nfO{ pT;u{ ug]{ ltg} cd/ zxLbx?df >4f JoQm ug{, pgLx?sf] ;fx;, ;+sNk / cfbz{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ cfh xfdL …zxLb lbj;Ú dgfO/x]sf 5f}+ .
nf]stflGqs k4ltdf dfq dflg;sf] j}olQms :jtGqtf / :jfledfgsf] /Iff x'G5, o;af6 g} ljBdfg lj;+ultx?sf] cGTo x'g]5 . /fi6«n] b'|tt/ ?kdf ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ug]{5 . nf]stGqsf] Pp6f ;jn kIf ;dfgtf xf] . ;dfg xs, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Gofo . ;'b[9 / ;an nf]stGqaf6 dfq} /f]u, ef]s, cefj, clzIff / j]/f]huf/L h:tf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f x'g]5 / g]kfn Ps ;'Gb/, zfGt / ;d'Ggt /fi6«df kl/0ft x'g]5 eGg] kl/sNkgf / ljZjf;df tL b]zeQm jL/ ;k'tx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;xif{ pT;u{ u/]sf lyP .
;femf ;d:ofx?nfO{ 7DofP/ lj;+ult / ljv08gaf6 d'n'snfO{ hf]ufpg], nf]stGqsf] /Iff ug]{ tyf zflGt, l:y/tf, ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] oL sltko ljifox? xfd|f ;femf lhDd]jf/L leq k5{g\ . tL lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn eP/ Pstfsf] cfwf/df xfdLn] xft]dfnf] u/]/ lx+8\g ;Sof}+ eg] d'n'snfO{ klg ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf] kydf lx+8fpg ;Sg]5f}+ .
cfh zxLb lbj;sf] kfjg cj;/df b]z / nf]stGqsf] lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ xfdLn] cfˆgf ;fgfltgf dte]bnfO{ lj;]{/ zxLbsf] ;kgfnfO{ ljkgfdf ?kfGt/ ug{ ;+sNk u/f}+ .Æ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfndf nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfsf x/]s cfGbf]ngx?df ;xfbt k|fKt ug'{ x'g] 1ft c1ft ;Dk"0f{ zxLbx?df xflb{s >4f~hnL k|s6 ub{5' .
/fi6« clxn] P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gsf] df]8df plePsf] 5 . lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L /fi6«nfO{ ;xh lgsf; k|bfg ug'{ cfhsf] Ps dfq ljsNk /x]sf] 5 . zxLbx?n] b]vfPsf] dfu{df cufl8 a9\g' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . hgtfnfO{ g} ;fj{ef}d / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg agfpg] u/L x'g nfu]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;a} lhDd]jf/ kIfx? cToGt OdfGbf/ /xg' kb{5 . o; lbzfdf zxLb lbj;n] ;a}nfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

df3 !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ r}q @* ut] x'g uO/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;ft /fhgLlts bnx?;Fu ;+o'Qm sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;a} r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg kf6L{ tyf eft[ ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox? b]zJofkL ?kdf kf6L{ ;+u7g kl/rfngsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'Fb} lqmofzLn eO;s]sf 5g . oxL df3 !^ ut]b]lv df3 d;fGtleqdf &% j6} lhNnfdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf cfd;efsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 / cfd;efsf tof/Ldf ;a} lhNnfx? lqmofzLn eO;s]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf cfd;efsf sfo{qmdx? ;kmn agfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; tyf eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf ;a} txsf g]tf, sfo{stf{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] lqmofzLn /xg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 .
o;} l;nl;nfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / zflGtk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;DkGg u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] k|To]s dtbfg s]Gb|df -k|To]s a'ydf_ slDtdf Ps ;o hgf /x]sf] æt?0f o'jf :jo+;]js 6f]nLÆ @)^$ kmfu'g !) ut]leq u7g ug{ / To;sf] hfgsf/L kmfu'g !% ut]leq clgjfo{ ?kdf s]Gb|df k7fpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] kIfdf cgj/t ?kdf lqmofzLn Pj+ z'elrGtssf] ?kdf kl/lrt dxf]Q/Lsf Ps jf}l4s JolQmTj d's'Gb vgfnsf] @)^$ df3 $ ut] af/f lhNnfsf] k;fxf k'n glhs ePsf] a; cfuhgLdf k/L d[To' ePsf] 5 . dxf]Q/L lhNnf uf}zfnf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ df hGdg' ePsf ^) jifL{o d's'Gb vgfn 7fs'//fd ax'd'vL SofDk; jL/u~hdf pkk|fWofks / @)%# b]lv ;f]xL SofDk;sf] Joj:yfkg ;+sfosf] ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3 7fs'//fd ax'd'vL SofDk; OsfO{ ;ldltsf] k"j{ ;efklt
x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] dxf]Q/L lhNnf If]q g+= $ df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] If]qLo sfof{no ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu @)%#÷%$ df cfˆgf] lghL hUuf )—)—% w"/ pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] b'Mvb / c;fdlos lgwgk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm
ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
otf s]xL lbgb]lv dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf] eft[ ;+u7g jfO;LPnn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf r'gfjL ;efnfO{ ljyf]Ng] k|of;x? ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] laxLaf/ ?s'dsf] rf}/hxf/Ldf cfof]hgf u/]sf] r'gfjL ;efdf dfcf]jfbLsf] eft[ ;+u7g jfO;LPnn] sfnf] em08f k|bz{g ug]{ / cfd;efdf ;xefuL gx'g wDsL lbg] h:tf xts08f u/]/ ;ef ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|d'v cltly /xg' ePsf] r'gfjL ;efdf sfo{qmd z'? ePb]lv g} s/La b'O{ 306f;Dd jfO;LPnsf sfo{stf{x?n] x'l6ª ug]{, jQmfx?n] afn]lkR5] pgLx?n] xf]xNnf u/]/ jfwf v8f u/]/ ;ef ljyf]Ng] k|of; u/]sf lyP .
æs'g} klg /fhgLlts bn / bnsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tj/n] cfˆgf] ;+u7gsf] /fhgLlts ultljlw ug{ / k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ s;}af6 klg 8/ wDsL nufot s'g} lsl;dn] jfwf Jojwfg ug{ tyf /f]Sg] sfd ug]{ 5}gÆ egL @# j'Fb] ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7g jfO;LPnn] b]zsf sltko :yfgdf eO/x]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cfd;ef, r'gfjL ;ef / sfo{qmdx? ljyf]Ng], cfd;efdf ghfg wDsL lbg] h:tf cToGt lgs[i6 lqmofsnfk u/]/ zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] pkfxf; / lvNnL p8fPsf 5g\ . zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf ;ef, uf]i7L nufotsf sfo{qmd ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/dfly 7f8f] k|xf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7g cem} klg clwgfosjfb k|]l/t eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfkn] dfcf]jfbLsf] 5lj pbfËf] kf/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLsf] o; k|sf/sf] lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
l;/xf lhNnf lji0f'k'/ k|f=/f= j8f g+= $ sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x? ;Togf/fo0f ofbj, /fdPsjfn ofbj / g]drGb| 7fs'/sf] xTof ul/Psf] cj:yfdf zj km]nf k/]sf] 5 . pxfFx?nfO{ df]6/ ;fOsnaf6 cfˆgf] 3/tkm{ kms{b} ubf{ @)^$ df3 ^ ut] ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf dfcf]jfbLsf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf Onfsf OGrfh{ b]jz/0f ofbjsf] Ps ;d"xn] /flt s/La ( ah] sNof0fk'/ / 88f}nsf] aLraf6 ckx/0f u/L nu]sf lyP .
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{sf] cfk/flws lqmofsnfk cem} klg bf]xf]l//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lgxTyf sfo{stf{sf] h3Go xTof ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] c/fhgLlts, g[z+z / kfzljs xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 . o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg, d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
l;/xf lhNnf lji0f'k'/ k|f=/f= j8f g+= $ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ ;Togf/fo0f ofbj, /fdPsjfn ofbj / g]ds'df/ 7fs'/ df]6/ ;fOsnaf6 cfˆgf] 3/tkm{ kms{b} ubf{ @)^$ df3 ^ ut] ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf dfcf]jfbLsf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf Onfsf OGrfh{ b]jz/0f ofbjsf] Ps ;d"xn] /flt s/La ( ah] sNof0fk'/ / 88f}nsf] aLraf6 ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd pxfFx?sf] cj:yf c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gsf c/fhgLlts ultljlw aGb ePsf 5}gg\ . ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ckx/0f u/]/ ljgf sf/0f b'Mv lbg] sfo{nfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] cem} klg lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub}{ o:tf] cjf+l5t lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ckx/0fdf k/]sf ltg} hgfsf] ;s'zn l/xfOsf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg' ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+u7g;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf] cjf+l5t ultljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
/fhwfgLaf6 cfh lg:s]sf] 5nkmn ;fKtflxs -jif{ @^, c+s !$_ n] cfˆgf] d'Vo k[i7d} æsfFu|]; g]tfx?n] g} agfP g]tf xTofsf] of]hgfÆ eGg] zLif{sdf ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tfx?sf] gfd} ls6fg u/L pxfFx?sf] rl/q xTof / dfgdb{g ug]{ cToGt tNnf] :t/sf] lgs[i6 sfo{ u/]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . kqsfl/tfdflysf] ljZj;gLotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGX v8f x'g] u/L cfwf/ / tYoxLg ?kdf clt/l~ht / e|fds ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/]/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; / o;sf g]tfx?nfO{ abgfd ug{ vf]lhPsf] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ cfklQ / lj/f]w k|s6 ub{5 . 5nkmn h:tf] :yflkt eO;s]sf] klqsfn] o; k|sf/sf] clt/l~ht ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/L cfd gful/snfO{ lbUe|ldt kfg]{ if8oGq ug'{ cToGt nHhf:kb / b'MvbfoL 36\gfsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} of] ;dfrf/df s'g} ;Totf g/x]sf] tkm{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
af/fsf] kyn}of–lghu9 ;8sv08df kg]{ k;fx k'ndf lxhf] z'qmaf/ ;fFem hgsk'/af6 jL/u~htkm{ hfb} u/]sf] df z]/fjfnL gfdsf] Ps ofq'a;df crfgs ad ljikmf]6 x'Fbf ;ft ofq'sf] 36gf:yd} d[To' ePsf] / bh{gf}F ofq' 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ .
of] cfk/flws / cdfgjLo 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . To;}u/L lxhf] g} lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf—! kf]vl/of ljBfno5]p df]8df klg ;s]6 ad ljikmf]6 ePsf] lyof] . o; cl3 k'; #) ut] sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] ;ft /fhgLlts bnx?sf] cfd;efkl5 ofq'afxs a;df g} ad ljikmf]6 u/fOPsf] lyof] . oL ;a} 36\gfx? ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmsf] xTof u/]/ d'n'snfO{ czflGt / cl:y/tftkm{ ws]Ng vf]Hg] tyf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ljyf]Ng vf]Hg] u}/ nf]stflGqs zlQmx?sf] if8oGqsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg h'g;'s} ;d"x jf JolQmsf] vf]hL u/L pgLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ tyf cfd gful/snfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{, d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbg tyf 3fOt]x?sf] lgMz'Ns / plrt tj/n] pkrf/ u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 @, @)^$
;dfrf/ ;+sng P+j ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu xflb{s cg'/f]w 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ k"j{k|wfgdGqL >L z]/axb'/ b]pjfaf6 cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfpg' ePsf g]kfnLx?sf] ;+u7g g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt cd]l/sfåf/f k|sflzt ho g]kfn z'esfdgf :dfl/sfsf] ljdf]rg lgDg :yfg, ldlt / ;dodf x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf pSt k':ts ljdf]lrt ;df/f]xdf pkl:ylt x'g eO{ ;bf e}m ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ;fy ;dfrf/÷;+sng Pj ;Dk|]if0fsf nflu xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .
sfo{qmd
:yfg M g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
ldlt M df3 #, @)^$
;do M lbgsf] #M)) ah] ljlxaf/

hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ug{sf nflu lxhf] k'; #) ut] sf7df8f}Fsf] zxLbd~rdf ePsf] cfd;efdf ;xefuL eO{ kms{g] qmddf ;j{;fwf/0f r9]sf] a;dfly c1ft ;d"xn] k|xf/ u/]sf] ad k8\lsbf cf7 hgf 3fOt] ePsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo / ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf nflu ul/g nfu]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ljyf]Ng] u}/ nf]stflGqs zlQmx?sf] if8oGqsf ?kdf of] 36\gfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . b]zdf cl:y/tf / c/fhstf km}nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg glbg] o:tf if8oGqsf/Lx?nfO{ gUofpg / ltgLx?;Fu ;hu / ;t{s x'g g]kfnL hgtf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] vf]hL u/L s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

df3 !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsL lbbL (^ jifL{o glngL pkfWofosf] lxhf] lbpF;f] lj/f6gu/l:yt cfˆg} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfnsf] k|yd j]l/:6/sf ?kdf kl/lrt :juL{o sfnLk|;fb pkfWofosL wd{kTgL x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf tLg 5f]/f z}n pkfWofo, k|]d pkfWofo, /~hg pkfWofo / 5f]/L d'Qmf 3tL{ x'g'x'G5 .
laqmd ;Djt @))# sf] lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldnsf] dhb"/ cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug'{ ePsf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] kqmfp u/]kl5 pxfFsf] dftf lbJof sf]O/fnfn] klg g]t[Tj ;DxfNg' ePsf] lyof] . To;}qmddf dftf lbJof sf]O/fnf;Fu} ;f] cfGbf]ngdf glngL pkfWofosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; glngL pkfWofo lgwgdf ulx/f] zf]s JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo / ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf :yflkt ub}{ hgtfnfO{ g} /fhsLo zlQmsf] ;|f]t / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpgsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg Ps dfq ljsNk /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f kf6L{ut lhNnf tyf :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ ;zQm Pj+ lqmofzLn agfO{ kf6L{sf] kIfdf a9L eGbf a9L hgdt l;h{gf ug{ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] cleofgnfO{ k|f/De ub}{ b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df kf6L{ kbflwsf/L Pj+ s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?sf] cu'jfO{ / ;xeflutfdf j[xt\ r'gfjL cfd;efsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/, b]xfosf kf6L{sf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?sf] cu'jfO{ / ;xeflutfdf lgDg lhNnfx?df lgDgfg';f/sf] ldltdf r'gfjL cfd;efx?sf] sfo{qmd x'g] ePsf] 5 M—
-!_ >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, g]tf
>L ljdn]Gb| lglw, dxfdGqL
>L ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=, ;x–dxfdGqL Pj+ k|jQmf
df3 !^ ut] Onfd g/]Gb|laqmd g]Djfª÷8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf
df3 !& ut] emfkf 8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt÷kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L
df3 !* ut] wgs'6f k"0f{s'df/ ;]df{÷lrqn]vf ofbj
df3 !( ut] ;'g;/L 8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt÷kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L
df3 @) ut] ;Kt/L ;'hftf sf]O/fnf÷afns[i0f vfF0f
df3 @! ut] l;/xf ;'hftf sf]O/fnf÷afns[i0f vfF0f
df3 @@ ut] dxf]Q/L dx]z cfrfo{÷lzjrGb| ld>
df3 @# ut] ;nf{xL dx]z cfrfo{÷lzjrGb| ld>
df3 @$ ut] /f}tx6 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfn÷cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf
df3 @% ut] af/f 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfn÷cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf
-@_ >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, sfo{afxs ;efklt
>L uf]kfndfg >]i7, pk;efklt
8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, dxfdGqL
df3 !* ut] wflbª uf]kfn/fh kxf8L÷eLid/fh cfª\bDj]
df3 !( ut] dsjfgk'/ uf]kfn/fh kxf8L÷eLid/fh cfª\bDj]
df3 @) ut] lrtjg uf]kfn/fh kxf8L÷eLid/fh cfª\bDj]
df3 @! ut] gjnk/f;L kmd"{Nnfx dG;'/÷pdfsfGt rf}w/L
df3 @@ ut] slknj:t' kmd"{Nnfx dG;'/÷pdfsfGt rf}w/L
df3 @# ut] bfª ljhos'df/ uR5]bf/÷dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{
df3 @$ ut] ;'v]{t v'daxfb'/ v8\sf÷anaxfb'/ s]=;L=
df3 @% ut] jlb{of ljhos'df/ uR5]bf/÷dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{
df3 @^ ut] s~rgk'/ ljgoWjh rGb÷k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf
-#_ >L /fdrGb| kf}8]n, pk;efklt
>L k|sfzdfg l;+x, pk;efklt
>L eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
df3 !% ut] sfe|] eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª÷pdf clwsf/L
df3 !$ ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]s dLgf kf08]÷dxfnIdL pkfWofo …8LgfÚ
df3 !^ ut] afUn'ª ;'zLndfg z]/rg÷cd//fh s}gL
df3 !* ut] sf:sL lbnaxfb'/ 3tL{÷/d]z n]vs
df3 @^ ut] uf]/vf hLkl5l/ª z]kf{÷;'k|ef l3ld/]
df3 @& ut] nDh'ª hLkl5l/ª z]kf{÷;'k|ef l3ld/]
df3 !& ut] DofUbL ;'zLndfg z]/rg÷cd//fh s}gL
cfd;ef x'g] lhNnfx¿
ut] cfd;ef x'g] lhNnf ;Daf]wg ug]{ g]t[Tjx¿
df3 !( ut] g'jfsf]6 eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª÷pdf clwsf/L
df3 !^ ut] d':tfª OGb|axfb'/ u'?ª÷z'qm/fh zdf{
df3 !% ut] h'Dnf lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
df3 !# ut] eQmk'/ k|sfzdfg l;+x÷ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=
df3 @& ut] ¿s'd v'daxfb'/ v8\sf÷anaxfb'/ s]=;L=
df3 @& ut] 8f]6L ljgoWjh rGb÷k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf
df3 !% ut] ;f]n'v'Da' lr/~hLjL jfUn]÷g/xl/ cfrfo{
df3 !^ ut] /fd]5fk dLgf kf08]÷dxfnIdL pkfWofo …8LgfÛ
df3 @) ut] t]x«y'd k"0f{s'df/ ;]df{÷lrqn]vf ofbj
df3 !& ut] cf]vn9'+uf lr/~hLjL jfUn]÷g/xl/ cfrfo{
df3 !$ ut] nlntk'/ k|sfzdfg l;+x÷ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=
df3 !& ut] tgx'F lbnaxfb'/ 3tL{÷/d]z n]vs
df3 !% ut] kj{t ;'zLndfg z]/rg÷cd//fh s}gL
df3 !^ ut] sflnsf]6 lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
df3 !& ut] aemfª 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{÷lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"
df3 !& ut] dgfª OGb|axfb'/ u'?ª÷z'qm/fh zdf{
df3 !& ut] kfFry/ g/]Gb|laqmd g]Djfª÷8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf
df3 @) ut] vf]6fª lr/~hLjL jfUn]÷g/xl/ cfrfo{
df3 @% ut] l;Gw'nL dx]z cfrfo{÷lzjrGb| ld>
df3 @) ut] /;'jf eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª÷pdf clwsf/L
df3 !% ut] :ofª\hf lbks'df/ pkfWofo÷ch'{gk|;fb hf]zL
df3 !^ ut] Ko"7fg s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf÷bnl;+x sfdL
df3 !( ut] x'Dnf lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
df3 @( ut] hfh/sf]6 v'daxfb'/ v8\sf÷anaxfb'/ s]=;L=
df3 !% ut] c5fd 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{÷lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"
df3 !$ ut] 88]Nw'/f ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L÷Pg=kL= ;fpFb
df3 !% ut] bf]nvf dLgf kf08]÷dxfnIdL pkfWofo …8LgfÚ
df3 !( ut] tfKn]h'ª g/]Gb|laqmd g]Djfª÷8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf
df3 @@ ut] ef]hk'/ lr/~hLjL jfUn]÷g/xl/ cfrfo{
df3 !$ ut] c3f{vfFrL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf÷bnl;+x sfdL
df3 !% ut] ;Nofg s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf÷bnl;+x sfdL
df3 @% ut] b}n]v v'daxfb'/ v8\sf÷anaxfb'/ s]=;L=
df3 @! ut] d'u' lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
df3 !( ut] afh'/f 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{÷lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"
df3 !^ ut] bfr'{nf ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L÷Pg=kL= ;fpFb
df3 !# ut] u'NdL bLks'df/ pkfWofo÷ch'{gk|;fb hf]zL
df3 !# ut] 8f]Nkf lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
df3 !* ut] df]/ª 8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt÷kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L
df3 !( ut] pbok'/ ;'hftf sf]O/fnf÷afns[i0f vfF0f
df3 @$ ut] wg'iff dx]z cfrfo{÷lzjrGb| ld>
df3 @^ ut] k;f{ 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfn÷cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf
df3 @# ut] ?kGb]xL kmd"{Nnfx dG;'/÷pdfsfGt rf}w/L
df3 !& ut] /f]Nkf s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf÷bnl;+x sfdL
df3 @$ ut] afFs] ljhos'df/ uR5]bf/÷dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{
df3 @% ut] s}nfnL ljgoWjh rGb÷k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf
df3 !@ ut] sf7df8f}F k|sfzdfg l;+x÷ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=
df3 @@ ut] ;+v'jf;ef k"0f{s'df/ ;]df{÷lrn]vf ofbj
df3 !$ ut] kfNkf bLks'df/ pkfWofo÷ch'{gk|;fb hf]zL
df3 !% ut] a}t8L ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L÷Pg=kL= ;fpFb

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; #), @)^$
z'e–sfdgf

ljleGg efiff, wd{, hfthflt, j0f{, ;Dk|bfox?sf] ;femf km'naf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fHo ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] cg'kd pbfx/0f xf] . ;dfhzf:qLo cWoogsf] pj{/e"ldsf ?kdf /x]sf] xfd|f] b]zdf a;f]af; ug{] ljleGg hfthflt tyf ;Dk|bfox?sf cf–cfˆg} ;fdflhs / wfld{s k/Dk/fx? /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns /fHosf ?kdf :yflkt ug{sf nflu cfufdL @)^$ r}q @* ut] ;DkGg x'g nflu/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu xfdL ;a} cToGt lhDd]jf/ aGg' k/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ u7g x'g] ;+ljwfg;efn] tof/ ug]{ gofF ;+ljwfgaf6 dfq ;Dk"0f{ hft hflt, wd{, j0f{ Pj+ ;Dk|bfox?sf] xs / clwsf/x?sf] ;'lglZrt ug{] ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg lgwf{l/t ldltdf g} ;DkGg ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ d"ntM yf? ;d'bfox?sf] dxfg kj{sf ?kdf /x]sf] df3L kj{ -df3] ;+qmflGt_ sf cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ yf? ;d'bfosf bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx? nufot df3] ;+qmflGt dgfpg' x'g] ;a}df ;'v, zflGt Pj+ ;Dj[l4sf nflu xflb{s z'e–sfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; #), @)^$
z'e–sfdgf

g]kfnL sFFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] df3L kj{ -df3] ;+qmflGt_ sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df z'e–sfdgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] 5—

æg]kfnsf clwsf+z If]qdf dgfOg] kj{ df3L kj{ -df3] ;+qmflGt_ sf cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ lbbL–alxgL tyf bfh'–efOx?df d cfkm" / kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
g]kfn ljleGg wd{, hft–hflt, efiff / ;+:s[lt ePsf] b]z xf] . Psn] csf{sf] wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;w} cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6L g} nf]stGq xf] . pbf/ nf]stflGqs k4ltn] dfq ;a} ju{, ;a} hft–hflt / ;a} wd{nfO{ ljgf e]befj ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ ;a}sf] pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
df3L kj{ -df3] ;+qmflGt_ n] xfdL ;a}df gofF hf]z / pT;fx k|bfg u/L d'n'snfO{ :yfoL zflGt / nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ cem a9L k|]/0ff k|fKt xf];\ eGg] sfdgf ub{5' .
ho g]kfn ÛÆ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{afxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfHo"sf] e|d0f sfo{qmd b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . pxfFn] pNn]lvt lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] e]nfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ x'g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
e|d0f sfo{qmd
@)^$ df3 ! ut] sf7df8f}Faf6 lrtjg k|:yfg ÷/flq d'sfd lrtjg .
df3 @ ut] lrtjgdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd x]6f}8f -dsjfgk'/_
df3 # ut] x]6f}8fdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd jL/u~h -k;f{_
df3 $ ut] jL/u~hdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd sn}of -af/f_
df3 % ut] sn}ofdf sfo{qmd ÷/flq d'sfd uf}/ -/f}tx6_
df3 ^ ut] /f}tx6df sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd dn+ujf -;nf{xL_
df3 & ut] ;nf{xLdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd hn]Zj/ -dxf]Q/L_
df3 * ut] dxf]Q/Ldf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd hgsk'/ -wg'iff_
df3 ( ut] hgsk'/df sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd nxfg -l;/xf_
df3 !) ut] l;/xfdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd /fhlj/fh -;Kt/L_
df3 !! ut] ;Kt/Ldf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd Og?jf -;'g;/L_
df3 !@ ut] ;'g;/Ldf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd lj/f6gu/ -df]/ª_
df3 !# ut] df]/ªdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd emfkf
df3 !$ ut] emfkfdf sfo{qmd ÷ /flq d'sfd emfkf
df3 !% ut] sf7df8f}F cfudg
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lr

---

k'; @(, @)^$
cfdGq0f

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfof]hgfdf @)^$ k'; #) ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?af6 sf7df8f}Fdf ;Daf]wg x'g] ;+o'Qm cfd;efsf] tof/Lsf ;Gbe{df ;+rf/ If]qnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf nflu @)^$ k'; @( ut] lbpF;f] $ ah] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df kqsf/ ;Dd]ng x'Fb}5 . kqsf/ ;fyLx?sf] pkl:yltsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfdGq0f ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; / tTsfnLg g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ aLrsf] PsLs/0f kZrft kf6L{sf] ljwfgsf k|fjwfg / ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf ;dfof]hgsf nflu kf6L{n] lgDgfg';f/ s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglwx?nfO{ v6fPsf] 5 .
! emfkf÷df]/ª÷;'g;/L 8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt÷kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L
@ l;/xf÷;Kt/L÷pbok'/ ;'hftf sf]O/fnf÷afns[i0f vfF0f
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@! s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} lhNnfx? lbgjGw' >]i7÷hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL
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zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf k|yd cf/f]xL t]lGhª gf]u]{ z]kf{;Fu ;u/dfyf r9]sf k|yd cf/f]xL Pj+ g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf k/d ldq ** jifL{o ;/ P8d08 lxnf/Lsf] x[bo3ftsf sf/0f lxhf] z'qmaf/sf lbg pxfFsf] cfˆg} b]z Go"lhNof08df lgwg ePsf] 5 .
pxfFn] ;g\ !(%# d] @( df t]lGhª gf]u]{ z]kf{;Fu ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lxdfnL If]qsf jfl;Gbfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ / To; If]qdf :s"n :yfkgf ug{ tyf z]kf{ ;d'bfosf] hLjg:t/ psf:gdf pxfFn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwgn] g]kfnn] Ps c;n ldq u'dfPsf] 5 . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfn]] :juL{o lxnf/LnfO{ cfˆgf Ps lxt}ifL / k/d ldqsf] ?kdf ;w}+ ;lDem/xg]5g\ .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / pxfFdf >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{, pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf 1fkg ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @*, @)^$
;dj]bgf

ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf k|yd cf/f]xL Pj+ g]kfnsf k/d lxt}ifL ;/ P8d08 lxnf/Lsf] lgwgaf6 dnfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 .
pxfFn] ;g\ !(%# df t]lGhª gf]u]{ z]kf{;Fu ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfn / g]kfnLx?k|lt cToGt ;b\efj / dfof ug'{ x'g] g]kfnsf Ps c;n ldq x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfndf pxfFn] ;fdflhs If]qdf ljz]if u/L lxdfnL If]qsf hgtfx?sf] hLjg:t/ psf:g tyf ljBfno lgdf{0fdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg g]kfnn] ;bf :d/0f ul/g} /xg]5 .
;/ P8d08 lxnf/Lsf] lgwgk|lt d ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf / pxfFdf >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df d xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt k|sfzdfg l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf ;+o'Qm cfd;ef cg'udg ;ldltsf] a}7s g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df cfh a:of] . a}7sdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] tkm{af6 s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tkm{af6 lxtdfg zfSo, hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|Nnfb a'9fyf]sL, g]dlskfsf] tkm{af6 ;gsdfg dxh{g, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ sf] tkm{af6 pld{nf kf08] / ;+o'Qm afddf]rf{sf] tkm{af6 s'df/ a]njf;]sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
a}7ssf] k|f/Dedf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt Pj+ ;+o'Qm cfd;ef cg'udg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|sfzdfg l;+xn] ;ft bnLo PstfnfO{ cem a9L ;'b[9 / ;zQm agfpFb} @)^$ k'; #) ut] sf7df8f}Fdf x'g] ;+o'Qm cfd;efnfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg cf–cfˆgf] kf6L{sf tkm{af6 Jofks kl/rfng ug{ cfu|x ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
a}7sn] clxn];Dd ePsf cfd;ef;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdsf] ;ldIff u¥of] / k'; @& b]lv @( ut];Dd afudtL c~rnleqsf lhNnfx?df cfd ;xeflutfsf nflu k|rf/fTds sfo{qmd ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfof]hgfdf @)^$ k'; #) ut] ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?af6 sf7df8f}Fdf ;Daf]wg x'g] ;+o'Qm cfd;efsf] tof/Lsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfd;ef d"n tof/L ;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|sfzdfg l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] a}7s cfh kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/ a:of] .
a}7sn] sf7df8f}Fsf] zxLbd~rdf @)^$ k'; #) ut] lbpF;f] !@ ah] cfd;ef ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . cfd;efdf j[xt\ hg;xeflutf h'6fpg tyf To;nfO{ Jojl:yt, ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L agfpg Jofks 5nkmn u/]sf] lyof] . ;a} kf6L{sf cf–cfˆgf eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L Jofks hg;xeflutf u/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
a}7sn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt k|sfzdfg l;+xsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps ;+o'Qm cfd;ef cg'udg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] tkm{af6 s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tkm{af6 lxtdfg zfSo, hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 lbnaxfb'/ >]i7, g]dlskfsf] tkm{af6 ;gsdfg dxh{g, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ sf] tkm{af6 pld{nf kf08] / ;+o'Qm afddf]rf{sf] tkm{af6 s'df/ a]njf;] /xg' ePsf] 5 / a9L eGbf a9L hg;xeflutf h'6fpgsf nflu sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eStk'/sf ;ft j6} bnsf lhNnf k|d'vx?aLr Ps ;dGjo ;ldlt ;d]t u7g ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; sf7df8f}Fsf ;efklt Wofguf]ljGb /l~htsf] ;+of]hsTjdf cGo ^ bnsf sf7df8f}F lhNnf k|d'v /xg' ePsf] d~r Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 .
;fy}, k|efjsf/L k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ x]t'n] k'; @&, @* / @( ut] sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq dfOlsª, sf]0f;ef, k|]; ;Dd]ng nufot k|rf/fTds cleofg ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn t?0f bn s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf pkfWoIf kbdk|;fb kl08tnfO{ ut k'; !& ut] /flt s/La ! ah]lt/ sDAofS6 8«];df cfPsf @) hgfsf] ;z:q dfcf]jfbL ;d"xn] bz lbgleq bz xhf/ ?lkofF pknAw u/fpg' egL wDsL lbPsf 5g\ . o;af6 pxfFsL wd{kTgL / b'O{ ;fgf afnsx¿nfO{ ;d]t dfgl;s c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 .
zflGt k|lqmofdf ;+nUg ePsf dfcf]jfbLx?af6 o:tf] dfgjtf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk e}/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv / lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL h'g;'s} lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbL;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf ;b:o ch'{gk|;fb hf]zLsf lktf cd[tk|;fb hf]zLsf] cfh laxfg @M#) ah] dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfn, kf]v/fdf lgwg eof] .
pxfF ljBfyL{ sfnb]lv g} ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts If]qdf lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fnsf] …/f0ff wkfpÆ cleofgdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf :juL{o hf]zL @)!$ ;fnsf] …eb| cj1fÚ cfGbf]ngdf h]n kg'{ ePsf] lyof] . @)!% ;fndf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldlt ;b:o /xg' ePsf :juL{o hf]zL @)!* ;fndf k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] z'?jft;Fu} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;+u7g dhj't agfpgdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ tTsfnLg k~rfotL ;/sf/n] @)#^, @)$@ / @)$^ ;fnsf cfGbf]ngsf qmddf k6s–k6s gh/jGbdf /fv]/ b'Mv lbg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] .
/fhgLlts JolQmTjsf] ;fy} pxfFn] ;fdflhs If]qdf klg ct'ngLo of]ubfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] g]t[Tjdf @)!^ ;fndf gf/fo0f pRr df=lj= / u'Kt]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] ;dodf kj{t lhNnfsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, af6f]3f6f]x? tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf lyP . pxfF g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L kj{tsf] ;+:yfks ;b:o, cfhLjg ;b:o / g]kfn afn ;+u7gsf] ;+:yfks cWoIfsf ;fy} y'k|} ;fdflhs ;+3–;+u7gx?df ;lqmo?kdf cfj4 x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf uf]nL uf=lj=;=sf k"j{ cWoIf OGb|axfb'/ a:g]t lxhf] ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfF @)%$ sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ sf] tkm{af6 ;f] uf=lj=;=sf lgjf{lrt cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] dfq b]z, hgtf / nf]stGqsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ ;S5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];df ljgf zt{ k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ;f]n'v'Da'sf ;efklt k|e'/fd a:g]tn] pxfFnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !&, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf

g]kfnL sFFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] c+u|]hL Sofn]08/sf] gofF jif{ ;g\ @))* sf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df z'e–sfdgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] 5—
æcfh ;g\ @))* sf] gofF jif{sf] ;'vb pknIodf of] jif{ ;a}sf] lgldQ zflGt, ;b\efj, Pstf / ;+d[l4sf] jif{ /xf];\ eGg] d xflb{s sfdgf ub{5' .
@))* sf] gofF jif{n] ljut jif{sf ofjt b'MvbfoL 36gfnfO{ ;bf;bfsf nflu cGTo u/f];\ . xfdL ;a}n] cfˆgf ;fgfltgf dte]bnfO{ la;f}{+ / cfk;df xft]dfnf] u/]/ cl3 hfg] ;+sNk u/f}F . To;n] g} nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf / cfbz{nfO{ :yflkt ug]{5 . clxn] xfd|f] ;fd' ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/L b]zdf :yfoL zflGt / ;d'Ggt g]kfndf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ u'?Q/ bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L ylkPsf] 5 . o; dxfg nIonfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;a} g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?sf] ;xof]u, Pstf / b[9 ;+sNksf] vfFrf] 5 .
ca of] gofF jif{n] ljutsf b'MvfGt >[v+nfx?sf] cGTo u/fO{ ;d[4 / ;d'Ggt gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f u/fpg ;kmn xf];\ eGb} gofF jif{sf] z'e pknIodf b]zleq / b]zaflx/ hxfF /x]sf eP klg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'—efO tyf lbbL—alxgLx?df d cfkm" / cfˆgf] kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .Æ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

ldltM @)^$.(.!^
z'esfdgf .
cu|]hL kfqf] cg';f/ k|f/De x'g uO{/x]sf] gofF jif{ ;g\ @))* sf cj;/df :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf /xg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ O{zfO wdfj{nDjL nufotsf bfh' efO{ tyf lbbL jlxgLx?df ;'v, zflGt Pj+ ;Dj[l4sf nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
/fi6« clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg l56f] eGbf l56f] ;DkGg u/L /fi6«nfO{ gofF lgsf; k|bfg ug{ cu|;/ eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf nflu /fi6«sf lhDd]jf/ ;j} kIfx? cfk;L dte]b / c;dembf/LnfO{ lj;]{/ /fli6«o k|ltj4tfnfO{ k'/f ug{ O{dfGbf/L /xg' k/]sf] 5 . gofF jif{ ;g\ @))* df /fi6«sf k|d'v lhDd]jf/Lx?nfO{ k'/f ul/ cuf8L j9g xfdL ;j} ;kmn x'g]5f} / gofF jif{ ;g\ @))* n] o; lbzfdf cuf8L j9g ;j}nfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ 5 eGg] ljZjf; ;d]t JoQm ub{5' .
hog]kfn .
z]/jxfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lqmofzLn ;b:o Pj+ g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt ;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw 1fgaxfb'/ /fO{nfO{ lxhf] k'; !% ut] /flt !! ah] c1ft xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] vf]6fª If]q g+= @ sf] Rofg8fF8faf6 ckx/0f u/L pxfFsf] xft v'§f efFr]/ pxfFsf] 3/ 5]psf] vf]nfdf 5f]l8lbPsf 5g\ .
h'g;'s} ;d"xn] o:tf] 3[l0ft sfo{ u/]sf] ePtf klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cfk/flws / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw Pj+ g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ dxfdGqL uug yfkfsf] &* jifL{of xh'/ cfdf /]Gb|]Zj/L yfkfsf] lxhf] nlntk'/sf] kf6g c:ktfndf pkrf/sf qmddf lgwg eof] . pxfFsf % 5f]/f x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy}, lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lj=;+= @)## ;fn k'; !^ ut] dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx? :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lbg xf] . Tolta]nf g]kfn nufot blIf0f Plzof /fhgLlts ljktLaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] a]nf g]kfn klg d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . b]zleqsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg To; b]zsf ;fj{ef}d hgtfx?af6 g} ul/g' kb{5 / To;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;r]t / hfu?s agfpg' kb{5 eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf @)## ;fndf cfˆgf] Hofgsf] jfhL nufP/ :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] .
cfh b]zsf ;fd" ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmn lgjf{rg / b]znfO{ :yfoL zflGt lbg nf]stflGqs zlQmx?aLr cfk;L Pstf / d]nldnfksf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o d]nldnfksf] of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf g]kfnsf] eljio / ;d'Ggltsf nflu ;a} ;r]t / hfu?s x'g / o;sf] ;Gb]znfO{ dgg ug{ ;a}df xflb{s ckLn ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
:ofª\hf lhNnf /fkfsf]6 uf=lj=;= sf Pdfn]sf k"j{ ;lrj s]bf/k|;fb nD;fnsf] g]t[Tjdf !@ hgf Pdfn] sfo{stf{x? Pdfn] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L oxL k'; !@ ut] ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf /fHodGqL >L OGb|axfb'/ u'?ªn] pxfFnfO{ kf6L{sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] /fli6«o d]nldnfk lbj;sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf cfh Ps jQmJo k|sflzt u/]/ /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] dd{, efjgf / o;sf] ;Gb]znfO{ dgg ug{ ;a}nfO{ ckLn ug'{ ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] 5—
ælj=;= @)## sf] k'; !^ ut] /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt k|ltkfbg u/]/ dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tfx? :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf blIf0f Plzof— czflGt, cl:y/tf / pynk'ynsf] If]q x'g nfu]sf] lyof] . To; l:yltdf /fi6«jfbL—k|hftGqjfbL zlQmsf aLrdf Go"gtd cfwf/df klg ;xdlt sfod x'g ;s]g eg] of] pynk'ynnfO{ g]kfnn] wfGg ;Sb}g / xfd|f] /fli6«otf vt/fdf k5{ eGg] j:t'k/s oyfy{tfnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/, cfkm"dfly cfpg ;Sg] 7"nf] hf]lvdsf] ;+qmd0fsf] cufl8 pleP/ cfkm"dfly nufOPsf /fHo ljKnj ;DaGwL ljleGg d'2fx?sf] s'g} jf:tf gu/L aL=kL= :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . tL d'2fdf pxfFnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo x'g ;SYof] . t/ aL=kL=n] /fi6«dflysf] vt/fsf] ;fd' cfkm"dfly x'g ;Sg] kmfF;Lsf] vt/fnfO{ klg uf}0f 7fGg' eof] . aL=kL=n] k|hftGq sdhf]/ eof] eg] /fi6« klg sdhf]/ x'G5 eGg] ;TonfO{ ;bf dgg\ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
clxn] /fi6« ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgåf/f b]zdf :yfoL zflGt / nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] dxfg cleofgdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . t/ clxn] klg nf]stGqsf] dd{dfly k|xf/ ug]{ u}/ nf]stflGqs zlQmx? klg /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLltsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ xfdLn] a'‰of}F / /fli6«o Pstf nf]stGqsf] hudf dfq v8f x'g ;S5 eGg] j:t'k/s oyfy{nfO{ dgg ug{ ;Sof}F eg] dfq xfdL, clxn] b]vf k/]sf oL r'gf}ltx?nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;Sg]5f}F .
/fli6«o d]nldnfksf] of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf d o;sf] dd{, o;sf] efjgf Pj+ o;sf] ;Gb]znfO{ dgg ug{ ;a}df xflb{s ckLn ub{5' .Æ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !%, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
g]kfnsf hghflt–cflbjf;L u'?ª -td'_ ;d'bfox?n] gofF jif{ k|j]zsf] ?kdf dgfOg] kj{ Nxf];f/sf] ;'vb pknIodf d xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
g]kfnsf] x/]s nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngx?df u'?ª ;d'bfox?sf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . nf]stGqdf dfq} ;a} wd{sf] ;Dj4{g / hu]{gf x'g] ePsf]n] :yfoL zflGt / nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ;dfhsf x/]s If]qaf6 x'g' kb{5 .
Nxf];f/ -gofF jif{_ n] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;'v, zflGt / ;d"l4 Nofpg ;sf];\ oxL z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

kf}if !$, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
ef]ln kf}if !% ut] g]kfnsf cflbjf;L u'?ª ;d"bfosf] Nxf];f/ jf gofF jif{sf] lbg xf] . of] gofF jif{sf] pknIodf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] ;Dk"0f{ u'?ª hfltx?nfO{ Nxf];f/sf] k"j{ ;GWofdf z'e–sfdgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . sfo{jfxs ;efklt sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf] z'e–sfdgf ;Gb]zdf eGg' ePsf] 5 —
æg]kfn ljleGg hft–hfltx?sf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf tyf ljleGg /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fx? ePsf] Ps k|frLg d'n's xf] . g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hg–hflt u'?ª ;d'bfon] clt xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfpg] Nxf];f/ jf gofF jif{sf] of] ;'vb pknIodf d ;Dk"0f{ u'?ª bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–a}gLx?df xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;Dk"0f{ hft–hfltnfO{ plrt cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ k5{, k|]/0ff / k|f]T;fxg lbg' k5{ eGg] b[9 wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|hftGqsf] n8fOF;Fu} g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;fdflhs e]befj lj?4sf] n8fOF n8\of] . ;a} ju{ / ;a} hft–hfltsf] ;dfg xs ;+/If0fsf] n8fOF n8\of] . k|hftGqdf dfq ;a} hft–hflt, ;a} efiff–efifL tyf ;a} wd{ / ;+:s[ltn] ;dfg cj;/ kfpF5g\ . hflt, efiff, wd{, j0f{ / c? s'g} klg sf/0faf6 s;}nfO{ klg ljefhg u/]/ k|hftGqn] s;}sf] klg e]b\efj ub}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdL s;}n] klg lj;{g' x'Fb}g . of] Nxf];f/ — gofF jif{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf lgldQ ;'v, zflGt / cfk;L Pstfsf] jif{ agf];\, oxL d]/f] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf Û
ho g]kfn ÛÆ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
kfls:tfgsL k"j{ k|wfgdGqL Pj+ ljkIfL bnsL g]t[ j]ghL/ e'§f]sf] lxhf] kfls:tfgsf] /fjnlk08Ldf uf]nL xfgL ul/Psf] xTofsf] 36gfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . kfls:tfgdf nf]stflGqs kl/kf6LnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg lqmofzLn /x]sL e'§f]sf] xTofnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cToGt lgGbgLo / sfo/tfk"0f{ 36\gfsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . of] nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/dflysf] uDeL/ k|xf/ xf] . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 blIf0f Plzofn] Ps s'zn g]t[ u'dfPsf] 5 . o; b'Mvb 38Ldf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL e'§f]sf] ;d:t kl/jf/hg, cfkmGthg, pxfFsf kf6L{sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? tyf kfls:tfgL hgtfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

ldlt M @)^$÷(÷!#
k|]; lj1lKt
kfls:tfg lkk'N; kf6L{sL g]tf tyf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL j]glh/ e'§f]sf] xTofsf] vj/n] dnfO{ ulx/f] b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . d}n] of] 3[l0ft tyf lgGblgo sfo{nfO{ kfls:tfgL hgtfsf] ljj]sdfyLsf] cfqmd0f 7fg]sf] 5' . kfls:tfgsf] O{ltxf;sf] of] hl6n /fhgLlts df]8df >Ldlt e'§f] kfls:tfgsf] :yL/tf, zflGt / nf]stGqsf] ;+qmd0fsf nflu ;j} eGbf ;'/IfLt cf;f x'g' x'GYof] . pxfFsf] xTof kfls:tfgsf nflu ck'/0fLo Iflt xf] .
>Ldlt e'§f] d]/f Ps c;n ldq x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] lgwgjf6 cfˆgf] hgtfsf] ljj]s jf]Ng] Ps hgf g]tf u'dfPsf 5f}+ .
>Ldlt e'§f]n] Ps lj/tfk"0f{ lj/f;t 5f8]/ hfg' ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] hLjg, ;+3if{ / lzIffn] kfls:tfgL hgtfn] zflGt / nf]stGqsf nflu u/]sf cys cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;b}j pTk|]l/t ul/ /xg]5 . pxfFsf] cj;fg kl5 klg ljZj ;d'bfon] pxfFnfO{ Pshgf jL/ Pj+ ;fx;L g]tf tyf nf]stGqsf nflu k|]/s of]4fsf ?kdf :d/0f ul//xg]5 .
o:tf] x[boljbf/s If0fdf d >Ldlt e'§f]sf kl/jf/hg, kfls:tfg lkk'N; kf6L{ / kfls:tfgL hgtfx?k|lt ulx/f] ;dj]bgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . ;fy}, lbj+ut cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5' .
z]/jxfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf If]qLo ;efklt && jifL{o dlemof dfgaxfb'/ hLdLsf] lxhf] /flt *M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] aL/ c:ktfndf lgwg eof] . ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] dfbLd"nvs{df hGdg' ePsf :juL{o hLdLn] g]kfnL sfFu|];df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xL g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfF ;fdflhs If]qdf klg ;+Ung x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF uf]/vf blIf0fjfx' / h/fh'/L k'/:sf/af6 ;d]t ;Ddflgt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] >LdtL, tLg 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
cfh laxfg pxfFsf] bfx;+:sf/ kz'klt cfo{3f6df ul/of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{ em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
k"jL{ ;'v]{tsf] ;'jf3f6df x/]s jif{ em} o; jif{ klg d+ªl;/] d]nfdf uPsf ;of}F JolQmx? d]x]ns'Ggf / bxrf}/ uf=lj=;= hf]8\g] emf]n'Ë]k'n efFlRrbf Ps bh{g eGbf a9L JolQmsf] d[To' x'g'sf ;fy} w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf x/fO/x]sf tyf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . crfgs 36]sf] o; b"3{6gfdf k/L d[To' x'g]x?k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / 3fOt]x?sf] zLw| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
;fy} k'nsf] k'glg{df{0f sfo{ tTsfn k|f/De ug{ tyf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg gx'~h]n;Ddsf nflu tTsfn 8'+ufsf] dfWodåf/f c:yfoL ?kdf cfjft–hfjt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg, d[To' ePsf kl/jf/hgnfO{ /fxt Pj+ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug{, 3fOt]x?sf] lgMz'Ns plrt :jf:Yff]krf/sf] ug{ tyf x/fO/x]sfx?sf] vf]hL sfo{ cem Jofks Pj+ tLj| kfg{ /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c+usf] kl/rfng ug{ tyf o; 36gfsf] 5fgjLgsf nflu pRr:t/Lo 5fgjLg ;ldlt u7g ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofOlbg u}/;/sf/L ;+3÷;+:yf nufot ;DaGw ;a} kIf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lj=;+= @)## ;fn k'; !^ ut] dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx? :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lbgnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] x/]s jif{ /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf 5f}F / cfufdL k'; !^ ut] #@ cf}F /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj; /fi6«JofkL ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];, o;sf eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfx?n] ljljw sfo{qmd u/L dgfpFb}5 .
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpgsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ;lqmo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ g} ;bf cfTd;ft\ ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cufl8 al9/x]sf] oyfy{tf Oltxf; / jt{dfgdf ;a} ;fd" :ki6 g} 5 . lg/+s'ztGqsf] cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfndf ePsf x/]s hgcfGbf]ngx? zflGtk"0f{, ;kmn / kl/0ffdd'vL ePsf 5g\ . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jfledfg / ;jf]{Rrtfsf] :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?s} aLrdf /xg' kb{5 / pgLx?sf ;'v b'Mvdf ;l/s x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf ;fy dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] klg /fi6«jf;Lx?sf aLrdf cfk;L Pstf / d]nldnfk x'g'kb{5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dxTj lbg' ePsf] lyof] . b]zleqsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg To; b]zsf ;fj{ef}d hgtfx?af6 g} ul/g' kb{5 / To;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;r]t / hfu?s agfpg' kb{5 eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy klg dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf @)## ;fndf cfˆgf] Hofgsf] jfhL nufP/ :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfnL hgtfsf jf:tljs ;+/Ifs— g]kfnL sfFu|];, o;sf g]tfx? aLrsf] cfk;L PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/sx? aLrdf cfk;L d]nldnfk / eft[Tjsf] clej[l4df pSt lbgnfO{ P]ltxfl;s lbgsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx? nfdf] lgjf{;g kZrft :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lbgsf] :d/0f ub}{, ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"n] eGg' ePem+}+— æg]kfnL–g]kfnL hgtfx?aLrsf] cfk;L Pstf / d]nldnfk ljutdf klg / clxn] klg TolQg} cfjZos 5 / casf] Pstf eg]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtf;Fusf] cfk;L Pstf g} xf] .Æ jf:tjdf /fi6«, /fli6«otfsf] hu]{gf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}lds clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df cfk;L ljZjf; / Pstfsf] clej[l4 x'g' cTofjZos 5 .
æ/fli6«o Pstf, nf]stGq / lbuf] zflGt cfh klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|d'v Ph]08f xf] . nf]stGq sfFu|]; ofqfsf] d"n r"/f] xf] / nf]stGq g} sfFu|]; cfGbf]ngsf] afxs zlQm klg xf] . oxL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'Fb} d'n'ssf ;a} /fhgLlts ljrf/ / bnx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf dfWodaf6 Pstfj4 agfpFb} ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] k|d'v bfloTj dfg]sf] 5 . nf]stGqsf d"No / dfGotfk|lt k|ltj4 / ;a} k|sf/sf lg/+s'ztf, cltjfb / clwgfosjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{zLn, lx+;f / an k|of]usf lj?4 ;fy{s / lbuf] zflGtsf kIfdf lqmofzLn Pj+ /fli6«o Pstf, gful/s :jtGqtf, ax'njfb, ;+3Lotf / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh tyf /fHo ;+/rgfk|lt k|ltj4 g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]kfnsf] eljio / ;d'Gglt rfxFG5 .Æ ut dxf;ldltsf] a}7sdf oxL cjwf/0ff g]kfnL sfFu|];n] kfl/t u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 .
o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ #@ cf}F /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj;df kf6L{ lhNnf, If]q, gu/ / ufpF ;ldlt tyf ;a} eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3÷;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L o;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{÷u/fpg], /Qmbfg, uf]i7L, ;ef, h'n';, k|lzIf0f nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L dgfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf ;a} lgsfonfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 / b]zsf &% j6} lhNnfx?df lgDgfg';f/ s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglwx?nfO{ v6fOPsf] 5 —

d]rL c~rn
!= tfKn]h'ª k|sfzaxfb'/ u'?ª
@= kfFry/ s]zj yfkf
#= Onfd v'daxfb'/ v8\sf
$= emfkf g/]Gb|laqmd g]Djfª
sf]]zL c~rn
%= ;+v'jf;ef j]g'k/fh k|;fO{
^= t]x|y'd /d]z n]vs
&= ef]hk'/ 8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf
*= wgs'6f t]hk|;fb l;6f}nf
(= df]/ª /fdrGb| kf}8]n÷k|bLk lu/L
!)= ;'g;/L rqmk|;fb afF:tf]nf
;u/dfyf c~rn
!!= ;f]n'v'Da' ljgoWjh rGb
!@= vf]6fª xf]dgfy bfxfn
!#= cf]vn9'+uf anaxfb'/ s]=;L=
!$= pbok'/ dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{
!%= ;Kt/L ljdn]Gb| lglw÷lzjrGb| ld>
!^= l;/xf s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf÷ dx]Gb|s'df/ /fo
hgsk'/ c~rn
!&= bf]nvf dxfnIdL pkfWofo …l8gfÚ
!*= /fd]5fk lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"
!(= l;Gw'nL Pg=kL= ;fpFb
@)=wg'iff k|sfzdfg l;+x÷/fdrGb| ltjf/L
@!= dxf]Q/L 8f= /fdz/0f dxt÷pdfsfGt rf}w/L
@@= ;nf{xL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj÷eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª
afudtL c~rn
@#= /;'jf hLkl5l/ª z]kf{÷bnl;+x sfdL
@$=wflbª pdf clwsf/L
@%= g'jfsf]6 uf]kfn/fh kxf8L
@^= sf7df8f}+ /fds[i0f tfd|fsf/
@&= eQmk'/ jnb]j zdf{ dhu}ofF
@*=nlntk'/ s]=aL u'?ª
@(= sfe|] cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf
#)=l;Gw'kfNrf]s Zofdnfn >]i7÷;'k|ef l3ld/]
gf/fo0fL c~rn
#!= dsjfgk'/ dLgf kf08]÷dx]Gb| dw's/
#@= /f}tx6 lrqn]vf ofbj÷j;Gt u'?ª
##= af/f 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfn÷ gfu]Gb|s'df/ /fo
#$= k;f{ ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=÷:d[ltgf/fo0f rf}w/L
#%= lrtjg 8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt
u08sL c~rn
#^= uf]/vf cd//fh s}gL
#&= dgfª bLksaxfb'/ u'?ª
#*= nDh'ª ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
#(= sf:sL uf]kfndfg >]i7
$)=tgx'F lr/~hLjL jfUn]
$!= :ofªhf —
n'lDagL c~rn
$@= u'NdL z+s/k|;fb kf08]o
$#= kfNkf dx]z cfrfo{
$$=c3f{vfFrL bLks'df/ pkfWofo
$%=gjnk/f;L dgdf]xg e§/fO{
$^= ?kGb]xL OGb|axfb'/ u'?ª
$&= slknj:t' ljhos'df/ uR5]bf/
wjnflu/L c~rn
$*=d':tfª ld7f/fd ljZjsdf{
$(=DofUbL ;'zLndfg z]/rg
%)= afUn'ª /]jtLk|;fb e';fn
%!= kj{t uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL
/fKtL c~rn
%@= ?s'd n]vgfy cfrfo{
%#= /f]Nkf u]x]Gb| lu/L
%$=Ko"7fg s[i0flszf]/ l3ld/]
%%= ;Nofg b'uf{s]z/ vgfn
%^= bfª ;'hftf sf]O/fnf
s0ff{nL c~rn
%&= 8f]Nkf lbgaGw' >]i7 / hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL

-s0ff{nL c~rnsf % j6} lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?nfO{ ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug{], u/fpg]_
%*= d'u
%(= h'Dnf
^)= sflnsf]6
^!= x'Dnf
e]/L c~rn
^@= hfh/sf]6 lzj/fh hf]zL -b}n]v_
^#= b}n]v lzj/fh hf]zL -;'v]{t_
^$= ;'v]{t b]j]Gb|/fh sF8]n
^%= afFs] g/xl/ cfrfo{
^^= jlb{of rGb|l;+x e§/fO{÷s}nfzgfy s;f}wg
;]tL c~rn
^&= afh'/f /fdaxfb'/ lji6
^*= c5fd hgs/fh lu/L
^(= aemfª l;4/fh cf]emf
&)= 8f]6L /fdhgd rf}w/L
&!= s}nfnL ch'{gk|;fb hf]zL
dxfsfnL c~rn
&@= bfr'{nf g/]Gb|axfb'/ ad
&#= a}t8L 1fg' s]=;L=
&$= 88]Nw'/f x[bo/fd yfgL
&%= s~rgk'/ kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;'v]{t lhNnfsf] k"jL{ If]qdf cjl:yt d]xns'gf uf=lj=;= l:yt ;'jf3f6sf] e]/L gbLdf /x]sf] emf]n'Ë]k'n lxhf] crfgs efFlRrg hfFbf d+l;/] d]nf dgfpg k'n jf/kf/ ul//x]sfx?dWo] !% hgfsf] gbLdf v;]/ d[To' x'g hfg'sf ;fy} ## hgf 3fOt] ePsf / s}+og x/fO/x]sf 36\gfaf6 d cToGt :tAw / b'MvL ePsf] 5' . wfld{s kj{ dgfO/x]sf ;dodf 36]sf] o; b'Mvb 36\gfaf6 w]/}h;f] dlxnf, j[4, lszf]/, lszf]/L tyf afnaflnsfsf] c;fdlos lgwg x'g uPsf]df ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{ g} b'MvL agfPsf] 5 .
o; 36\gfdf k/L lgwg ePsfx? ;a}sf] cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]sfs"n kl/jf/hgx?df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5' . ;fy} gbLdf x/fO/x]sfx?sf] l:ylt tTsfn kQf nufO{ kLl8t kl/jf/x?nfO{ plrt /fxt pknAw u/fpg / 3fOt]x?sf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ klg d g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

k'; !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
k"jL{ ;'v]{tsf] ;'jf3f6df x/]s jif{ em} o; jif{ klg d+ªl;/] d]nfdf uPsf ;of}F JolQmx? d]x]ns'Ggf / bxrf}/ uf=lj=;= hf]8\g] emf]n'Ë]k'n efFlRrbf Ps bh{g eGbf a9L JolQmsf] d[To' x'g'sf ;fy} w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf x/fO/x]sf tyf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . crfgs 36]sf] o; b"3{6gfdf k/L d[To' x'g]x?k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} x/fO/x]sfx?sf] tTsfn p4f/ tyf 3fOt]sf] plrt pkrf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;/sf/ nufot ;a} If]q;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
Onfd gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo ;b:o OGb|k|;fb j}B -pxfFnfO{ klxn] cfˆgf ;fyLx?n] u0f]zdfgsf] gfpFaf6 ;d]t lrGby]_ sf] lxhf] k'; !) ut]sf lbg lgwg eof] . pxfFn] @))& ;fnkl5sf] 5fq cfGbf]ng / g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ªn] cfh Ps zf]s jQmJo k|sflzt u/L OGb|k|;fb j}Bsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . :juL{o j}B cfˆgf] ;xkf7L ePsf] / pxfFn] g]kfnsf] x/]s k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] :d/0f ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} dxfdGqL u'?ªn] zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o Pj+ k|hftGq ;]gfgL !)) jifL{o /jLk|sfz sf]O/fnfsf] lxhf] /flt !!M%% ah] x]6f}8fdf lgwg eof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df lg/Gt/ ?kdf lqmofzLn /xg' ePsf :juL{o sf]O/fnfn] g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] >LdtL, rf/ 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]gf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

kf}if (, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
lqmlZrog wdf{jnDjLx?sf] dxfg kj{— lqm:d;sf] pknIodf d / d]/f] kf6L{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 lqmlZrog wdf{jnDjL ;Dk"0f{ bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–a}gLx?df xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
g]kfn ljleGg wd{, ljleGg hft–hflt, ljleGg efiff / ;+:s[lt ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF Psn] csf{sf] wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;w} cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug]{ cfˆg} Ps pbf/ / ljlzi6 k/Dk/f 5 . pbf/ nf]stflGqs k4ltn] dfq ;a} ju{, ;a} hft–hflt / ;a} wd{nfO{ ljgf e]bfefj ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ ;a}sf] pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] 5 bzs klxn] k|hftGqsf] n8fOF n8\bf ;a} hft–hfltsf] xs / lxtsf] tyf ;a} efiff / ;a} wd{sf] ;dfg clwsf/sf] n8fOF klg n8\of] .
;a} wd{sf] d"n ;Gb]z zflGt / dfgj sNof0f xf] . lqm:d;sf] of] kljq lbgdf d ;a}df ;'v, zflGt, ;d[l4 / ;b\efjsf] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
;'zLn sf]O/fnf
sf=jf= ;efklt

---

k'; &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ ls/0f cof{nsf] lxhf] z'qmaf/ ck/fGX hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x_ ;d"xn] ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf 5g\ . lj/f6gu/—!$ lgjf;L :juL{o cof{nnfO{ /fdu~h l;gjf/L—! l:yt v]ttkm{ df]6/ ;fOsndf uO/x]sf] a]nf ;f] ;d"xn] uf]nL k|xf/ u/]sf lyP . 3fF6L d'lgsf] efudf uf]nL nfu]kl5 cof{nsf] 36gf:ynd} d[To' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF r9\g' ePsf] df]6/ ;fOsn ltg} ;d"xn] n'6L nu]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL ;d"xn] pxfFsf efO d'Ggf -cz]if_ cof{nnfO{ ;d]t uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
pxfFsf] xTofsf] 36\gfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . of] 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b JoQm ub{5 . JolQm xTof u/]/ zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofO{ qf; / eosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg] cfk/flws lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg o; 36\gfsf bf]ifLx?nfO{ vf]hL u/L s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
d[ts ls/0f cof{nsf efO{ d'Ggf -cz]if_ cof{nsf] clxn] sf];L c~rn c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub{5 / pxfFsf] :jf:Yof]krf/df plrt k|aGw ldnfpg ;d]t g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnsf] ufog hutsf Ps jl/i7 ;fws && jifL{of sf]OnLb]jLsf] lxhf] sf7df8f}Fdf lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut ^ jif{b]lv d'6' /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF Ps Vofltk|fKt clt nf]slk|o uflosf x'g'x'GYof] . :juL{o sf]OnLb]jLn] cfw'lgs, nf]s / /fli6«o tyf ehg u/L rf/ xhf/eGbf a9L uLt ufpg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf /]l8of] :6]zg v'n]b]lvg} g} pxfF ;+uLt If]qdf nfUg' ePsf] lyof] . /]l8of] g]kfndf zf:qLo ;+uLt k|aGws eO;Sg' ePsL :juL{o sf]OnLb]jL lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv cgj/t ;fwgfdf /x]/ g]kfnL ;+uLtnfO{ clt kl/is[t cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwgn] /fi6«nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; /fi6«sf oL ;Ddflgt ;fwsnfO{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 / of] b'Mvb 38Ldf pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

k'; ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lj=;+= @)## ;fn k'; !^ ut] dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx? :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lbgnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] x/]s jif{ /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf 5f}F / cfufdL k'; !^ ut] #@ cf}F /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj; /fi6«JofkL ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];, o;sf eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfx?n] ljljw sfo{qmd u/L dgfpFb}5 .
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg agfpgsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ;lqmo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts ultljlwnfO{ g} ;bf cfTd;ft\ ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cufl8 al9/x]sf] oyfy{tf Oltxf; / jt{dfgdf ;a} ;fd" :ki6 g} 5 . lg/+s'ztGqsf] cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfndf ePsf x/]s hgcfGbf]ngx? zflGtk"0f{, ;kmn / kl/0ffdd'vL ePsf 5g\ . g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jfledfg / ;jf]{Rrtfsf] :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?s} aLrdf /xg' kb{5 / pgLx?sf ;'v b'Mvdf ;l/s x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf ;fy dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnfn] klg /fi6«jf;Lx?sf aLrdf cfk;L Pstf / d]nldnfk x'g'kb{5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dxTj lbg' ePsf] lyof] . b]zleqsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg To; b]zsf ;fj{ef}d hgtfx?af6 g} ul/g' kb{5 / To;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;r]t / hfu?s agfpg' kb{5 eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy klg dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf @)## ;fndf cfˆgf] Hofgsf] jfhL nufP/ :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfnL hgtfsf jf:tljs ;+/Ifs— g]kfnL sfFu|];, o;sf g]tfx? aLrsf] cfk;L PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/sx? aLrdf cfk;L d]nldnfk / eft[Tjsf] clej[l4df pSt lbgnfO{ P]ltxfl;s lbgsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, nf}x k'?if u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx? nfdf] lgjf{;g kZrft :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lbgsf] :d/0f ub}{, ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"n] eGg' ePem+}+— æg]kfnL–g]kfnL hgtfx?aLrsf] cfk;L Pstf / d]nldnfk ljutdf klg / clxn] klg TolQg} cfjZos 5 / casf] Pstf eg]sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtf;Fusf] cfk;L Pstf g} xf] .Æ jf:tjdf /fi6«, /fli6«otfsf] hu]{gf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}lds clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df cfk;L ljZjf; / Pstfsf] clej[l4 x'g' cTofjZos 5 .
æ/fli6«o Pstf, nf]stGq / lbuf] zflGt cfh klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|d'v Ph]08f xf] . nf]stGq sfFu|]; ofqfsf] d"n r"/f] xf] / nf]stGq g} sfFu|]; cfGbf]ngsf] afxs zlQm klg xf] . oxL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'Fb} d'n'ssf ;a} /fhgLlts ljrf/ / bnx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf dfWodaf6 Pstfj4 agfpFb} ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] k|d'v bfloTj dfg]sf] 5 . nf]stGqsf d"No / dfGotfk|lt k|ltj4 / ;a} k|sf/sf lg/+s'ztf, cltjfb / clwgfosjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{zLn, lx+;f / an k|of]usf lj?4 ;fy{s / lbuf] zflGtsf kIfdf lqmofzLn Pj+ /fli6«o Pstf, gful/s :jtGqtf, ax'njfb, ;+3Lotf / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh tyf /fHo ;+/rgfk|lt k|ltj4 g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]kfnsf] eljio / ;d'Gglt rfxFG5 .Æ ut dxf;ldltsf] a}7sdf oxL cjwf/0ff g]kfnL sfFu|];n] kfl/t u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 .
o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ #@ cf}F /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfk lbj;df kf6L{ lhNnf, If]q, gu/ / ufpF ;ldlt tyf ;a} eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3÷;+:yfx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L o;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{÷u/fpg], /Qmbfg, uf]i7L, ;ef, h'n';, k|lzIf0f nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L dgfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf ;a} lgsfonfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ dGqL kfNt]g u'?ªsf] lktf r'ªr'ª u'?ªsf] lxhf] laxfg # ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] wfkf;L —* l:yt cfˆg} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . *^ jifL{o :j= r'ªr'ª u'?ª ljut 8]9 jif{b]lv bd / dw'd]x /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . dgfª lhNnfsf] 6+sLdgfª uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # df hGdg' ePsf :j= u'?ªsf kfFr 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
:j= u'?ª @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|x, @)$@ sf] ;Tofu|x, @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng tyf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f ;+rflnt x/]s cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{df ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf :j= u'?ªn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 . pxfFn] ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qdf klg pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] cGTo]i7L÷bfx;+:sf/ @)^$ kf}if # ut] d+unaf/ lbpF;f] ! ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] zf]efeujtL ljh]Zj/L l:yt dgfªbLkdf ul/g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . d+l;/ @* b]lv kf}if # ut] lbpF;f];Dd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{sf nflu pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ pxfFs} lgjf; :yfg wfkf;Ldf /flvg]5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ ;f+;b kfNt]g u'?ª nufot ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfh} Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ r'ªr'ª u'?ªsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf]
5 . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf :j= u'?ªn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg kf6L{sf] Oltxf;df ;bf :d/0fLo /xg] ;d]t JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
slknj:t' lhNnf s[i0fgu/ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo ;b:o dfwj j]njf;]nfO{ cfh lbpF;f] !M#) ah] pxfFs} lgjf; :yfg glhsaf6 c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f ul/ nu]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ xfn;Dd sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy}, o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg bf]ifLnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy}, ckxl/t dfwj j]njf;]sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pn / Pdfn] lgs6 cg]/f:jljo"sf sfo{stf{x?n] lxhf] sf:sL kf]v/f l:yt jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf OsfO{ ;efklt /fds'df/ e08f/L, ;b:ox?— lblnk ;'j]bL, k|jnh+u /f0ff, ljlkg ;'j]bL, /ljg wfdL, lg/fhg kf}8]n nufot bh{gf}F g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ;dy{s ljBfyL{x?nfO{ wfl/nf] xltof/ k|of]u u/L lg3f{t s'6lk6 u/]sf] 36gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ljZjljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljgfsf/0f ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug]{ dfcf]jfbL / o;sf e|ft[ ;+u7gsf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/tfaf6 pgLx?sf] jf:tljs rl/q pbflËPsf] 5 . g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ tyf o;sf] e|ft[ ;+u7gnfO{ eljiodf o; lsl;dsf cfk/flws / lx+;|s ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tjgL lbg rfxG5 .
jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgdf ul/Psf] cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] eO{ kf]v/fsf] l;6L c:ktfn / u08sL c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf 3fOt] ljBfyL{x?sf] plrt :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ljBfyL{ nufot cfd gful/sx?nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; bfª lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o ^% jifL{o 6]saxfb'/ a:g]tsf] cfh laxfg @M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fdf lgwg eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxfdGqL Pj+ ufGwL k|rf/s dxfu'7Lsf k"j{ pkfWoIf :j= lqk'/j/l;+x k|wfgsL >LdtL k"0f{lbJoZj/L k|wfgsf] cfh laxfg tfxfrn l:yt pxfFs} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut s]xL ;dob]lv SofG;/ /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd !(*@ ;fnsf] wfGok"l0f{dfsf] lbg ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] :j= lqk'/j/l;+x k|wfg;Fu lj=;+= !((* ;fndf z'eljjfx ePsf] lyof] . :j= k"0f{lbJoZj/L k|wfgsL rf/ 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
/f0ff zf;gsfndf >Ldfg\ h]n kg'{ ePkl5 :j= k"0f{lbJoZj/L k|wfg lvrfkf]v/L l:yt 3/df cfˆgf] ;f;' :j= k|]d;vL k|wfg / cGo kl/jf/sf] ;b:o;Fu} cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sL ;lqmo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . @)!& ;fndf ;Dk"0f{ k|hftflGqs clwsf/ cfˆg} xftdf lnP/ /fhf dx]Gb|n] lg/+s'z PsbnLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft u/]kl5 k|hftflGqs clwsf/ jxfnLsf nflu lj/f]wdf pqg' ePsf pxfFsf] >Ldfg\ / b]j/x? lu/ˆtf/Ldf kg'{ ePkl5 pxfF / c? dlxnf ;b:ox?n] g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sL tTsfnLg ;efklt >LdtL d+unfb]jL l;+x;Fu u'Kt ?kdf ;+u7g lj:tf/ ub}{ ;lqmo /fhgLltdf ;+nUg x'g' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf ;lqmo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsL :j= k"0f{lbJoZj/L k|wfgsf] of]ubfg kf6L{sf] Oltxf;df ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 kf6L{nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf cgj/t ?kn] lqmofzLn JolQmTj k"0f{lbJoZj/L k|wfgsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy}, lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
cfh} pxfFsf] bfx;+:sf/ kz'klt cfo{3f6df ul/of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o k|sfzdfg l;+xn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFk|lt clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{ tyf :j= k|wfgsf cfkmGthgsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnf;Fu sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ rfOgf -;L=kL=;L=_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cGt/f{li6«o ljefusf dGqL dxfdxLd jfª\ lhcf?O{ (Mr. Wang Jiarui) sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] ;ft ;b:oLo Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] cfh kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df e]6 u¥of] .
pSt e]6sf cj;/df kf6L{–kf6L{ aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] cem a9L ;'b[9tfsf ;DaGwdf / b'O{ b]zsf] cfk;L lxtsf ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . cfufdL ;+ljwfg;ef, zflGt k|s[of / nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf ljifodf klg ;f] k|ltlglwd08nn] hfgsf/L lnPsf lyP .
;f] e]63f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 dxfdGqLåo s]=aL= u'?ª / 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, ;xdxfdGqL Pj+ k|jQmf ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L= / d'Vo ;lrj zf]efs/ k/fh'nLsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . To;}u/L rfOlgh k|ltlglwx?— Asia Bureau of IDCCPC sf General Director Mr. Ai Ping, Director Mr. Yao Jianguo, Protocol Bureau sf Director Ms. Guo Zhaoxia, IDCCCPC-Secretary to Minister Mr. Yuan Zhibin, Asia Bureau sf Third Secretary and Interpreter Ms. Mu Jinling, Assistant Secretary Ms. Jia Peng sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ k"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf;Fu cfh ck/fGx pxfFs} lgjf; a'9flgns07df g]kfn e|d0fdf /xg' ePsf lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cGt/f{li6«o ljefusf dGqL dxfdxLd jfª\ lhcf?O{ (Mr. Wang Jiarui) sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;ft ;b:oLo k|ltlglwd08nn] lzi6frf/ e]6jftf{ u¥of] .
pSt e]63f6sf cj;/df g]kfn rLg aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw tyf ;xof]usf ljifodf / lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ tyf g]kfnL sfFu|]; aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, g]kfndf hf/L zflGt k|s[of, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg nufot ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts ljifodf ;d]t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf ljBdfg r'gf}lt / ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg lhDd]jf/ ;a} kIfx?sf] cfk;L ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df x'g] ljZjf; lrlgofF sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cGt/f{li6«o ljefusf dGqL dxfdxLd jfª\ lhcf?O{ (Mr. Wang Jiarui) n] JoQm ug'{ eof] .
e]63f6sf pSt cj;/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfnsf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxf;ldlt ;b:o s[i0fk|;fb e08f/Lsf] cfh ljxfg ^ ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] uf]s0f{ l:yt cfˆg} lgjf;:yfgdf lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut s]xL ;dob]lv bd nufotsf] /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd !(() ;fn c;f/df ePsf] lyof] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf a]nf pxfF sf7df8f}Fsf] k"j{ If]qsf] ;+u7gfTds sfo{df ;lqmo x'g'x'GYof] . @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];df lqmofzLn :j= e08f/L @)$& b]lv @)%@ ;Dd uf]s0f{ ufpF ;ldltsf] ;efklt x'g'x'GYof] . bzf}F dxflwj]zgdf pxfF dxf;ldlt ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf tLg 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
l;/xf lhNnf nxfg gu/kflnsf c;gfx lgjf;L k|Nxfb kf]v/]nnfO{ t/sf/L lsg]/ 3/tkm{ kms{b} ubf{ pxfFsf] 3/ glhs}af6 lxhf] d+l;/ !$ ut] %÷^ hgfsf] c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . xfn pxfFnfO{ sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] cdfgjLo / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ckx/0fdf kg'{ ePsf k|Nxfb kf]v/]nsf] ;s'zn l/xfOsf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t / c/fhs ultljlwdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] vf]hL u/L s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;Nofg lhNnf sf]6jf/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % lgjf;L k"j{ j8f cWoIf Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o t'n;L rGb / ljut åGbsf] ;dodf klg lj:yflkt ?kdf a:g jfWo agfOPsf sf]6jf/f % s} lgjf;L /fh]Gb| rGbnfO{ dfu{ * ut] % ah]lt/ 3/d} al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLsf :yfgLo sfo{stf{x? cgflws[t tj/n] k|j]z u/L pxfFx?nfO{ d/0ff;Gg tj/n] s'6lk6 u/L lhNnf lgsfnfsf] cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLaf6 af/Daf/ o:tf cjf+l5t / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk bf]xl/O/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg Pj+ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; afFs]sf lqmofzLn ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ d'Vo GofofwLz odgf/fo0f lwtfn / pxfFsf bfh' ;'/]Gb|/fh lwtfn;Fu g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ dfcf]jfbL lhNnf ;+u7g ;ldlt, jlb{ofsf ;]qm]6/L slj/n] @)^$ d+l;/ % ut] Ps kq dfkm{t\ pxfFx?;Fu &) lSjG6n df};dL jfnLsf] df+u ub}{ kq sf6]sf 5g\ . pSt kqdf elgPsf] 5—
æolta]nf d'n's Oltxf;sf] ljz]if ;+j]bgzLn df]8df v8f ePsf] 5 . cu|udg, oyfl:ylt / k|ltudg s'g af6f] /f]Hg] < eGg] k|Zgdf g} /fhg}lts ax; s]Gb|Lt eO/x]sf] 5 . hgo'4 / hgcfGbf]ngsf] DofG8]6 hgcfsf+Iff / P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf cg'?k /fli6«o :jfeLdfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / ;fy{s ;+ljwfg;efsf] kIfdf Jofks hgkl/rfng olt a]nf clgjfo{ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm /fhg}lts gf/fsf cfwf/df /fi6« / hgtfsf] kIfdf oxfFn] ljut ;dodf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] d"Nojfg ;xof]usf] lglDt xflb{s wGojfb ;lxt km]l/ Ps k6s oxfFsf] tkm{af6 o; jif{ &) lSjG6n df};dL jfnL ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5f}F .
qmflGtsf/L clejfbg ;lxt,
slj/
;]qm]6/LÆ
ljutdf ePsf ;xdlt / ;dembf/LnfO{ pNn+3g ub}{ dfcf]jfbLn] :j]R5fn] rGbf ;+sngsf] gfddf eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f cfd hgtf;Fu hjh{:tL rGbf dfu ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; To;sf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cem} klg dfcf]jfbLsf] Jojxf/ / rl/qdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 / o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 . ;fy} cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; bfªsf dxf;ldlt ;b:o t]haxfb'/ a:g]tsf] bfh' k'ik/fh a:g]tsf] ^$ jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] d+l;/ !! ut] /flt & ah] x[bo3ftaf6 lgwg eof] . bfª lhNnf ljhf}/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ lgjf;L :j= k'ik/fh a:g]t g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;lqmo ;b:o / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 k"j{ uf=lj=;= pkfWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . k|ltjlGwt sfnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df lqmofzLn :j= a:g]tn] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / $ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; k'ik/fh a:g]tsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn k|]; o'lgogsf k"j{ cWoIf Pj+ jl/i7 kqsf/ /d]z t'kmfgsL *& jifL{of dftf nIdLb]jLsf] cfh laxfg !)=$% ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] dxf+sfn l:yt cfˆg} lgjf; lgwg eof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ jl/i7 kqsf/ /d]z t'kmfg nufot zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ d+l;/ * ut]sf lbg ;'/]z yfkf -Oltxf;_ sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{x?n] cf]vn9'+uf lhNnf o;d ufpF ;ldltsf ;efklt d]3axfb'/ sfsL{sf] 3/df tfnf nufO{ pxfFsf] v;L ;d]t n'6L nu]sf 5g\ . To;sf] cl3Nnf] lbg d+l;/ & ut] ltg} dfcf]jfbLn] /fgLjg uf=lj=;= sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efkltsf gftL lg/fhg >]i7 / ;ldltsf ;lrj b]jaxfb'/ >]i7nfO{ s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf lyP . ;fy} b]jaxfb'/ >]i7 / ;f]xL 7fpFsf gfgL jfj' /fptsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 ;d]t n'6L nuL pxfFx?sf] ;DklQdf ;d]t Iflt k'¥ofPsf lyP .
dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] o:tf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlwsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . d'n's :yfoL zflGt k|s[ofdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] / zflGt k|s[of ljyf]lng] s'g} klg lqmofsnfk dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 gx'g] af/Daf/ dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx?af6 k|ltj4tf JoQm eO/xFbf klg o; k|sf/sf lgs[i6 lqmofsnfk af/Daf/ bf]xl/O/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / o:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5 . ;fy} c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUg h'g;'s} ;d"x÷JolQmnfO{ ;/sf/n] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ !), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 88]Nw'/f lhNnf au/sf]6 uf=lj=;=sf k"j{ cWoIf %& jifL{o wgZofd r6f}tsf] eStk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfndf pkrf/sf qmddf cfh laxfg !) ah] c;fdlos lgwg eof] . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfFn] ;lqmo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
hLjgk|]d >]i7
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / ltgsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ tyf :yfgLo g]tfx?sf] ckx/0f ug]{ / ljleGg jfxgfdf /sd dfUg] h:tf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kn] a9fpFb} nu]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o;} qmddf—
-!_ a}t8L lhNnfsf] pbob]j uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % lgjf;L jif{ #% sf lxSdt l;+x dxtfnfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf Pl/of OGrfh{ z'qmaxfb'/ rGb -slj_ ;lxt %—^ hgfsf] ;d"xn] @)^$÷&÷@( ut] pxfFs} lgjf;af6 ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5, l:ylt cem} c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ To;}u/L zLtn eGg] dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{n] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt :ofª\hfsf ;b:o l;+xaxfb'/ sfsL{;Fu ?= bz nfv / g]kfnL sfFu|]; afË]km6\s] ufpF sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt b]j]Gb| u'?ªnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] ?= Ps nfv df+u ub}{ af/Daf/ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbO{ dfgl;s oftgf lbPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{sf] ckx/0f / /sd df+u ug]{ h:tf dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] lgs[i6 / cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg / ckx/0fdf kg'{ ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lxSdt dxtfsf] zL3| l/xfO{sf] df+u ub{5 . ;fy}, j}t8Lsf lxSdt dxtfsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg' x'g g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;a} dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxfdGqL, k|ltlglw;efsf k"j{ ;efd'v Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dfggLo ;f+;b tf/fgfy /fgfef6sf lktf Pj+ k|hftGq ;]gfgL gf/fo0fbQ /fgfef6sf] lxhf] laxLaf/ a]n'sL &M#@ ah] sf7df8f}Fdf lgwg eof] . pxfF ($ jif{sf] x'g'x'GYof] . sf:sL lhNnfsf] sGwgL8fF8fdf hGdg' ePsf :juL{o /fgfef6sf] *$ jifL{o wd{kTgL lvdfb]jL /fgfef6 ;lxt $ 5f]/f / @ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
:juL{o /fgfef6n] @))# ;fndf g]kfnL /fli6«o sfFu|];sf] ;b:otf lnPb]lv d[To'ko{Gt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;lqmo of]4fsf ?kdf sfd ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf pxfFn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . @)!& ;fndf ;Dk"0f{ k|hftflGqs clwsf/ cfˆg} xftdf lnP/ /fhf dx]Gb|n] lg/+s'z PsbnLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft u/]kl5 k|hftflGqs clwsf/ jxfnLsf nflu lj/f]wdf pqg' ePsf :j= /fgfef6nfO{ tTsfnLg zfxL ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)!& k'ifb]lv lj=;+= @)@@ c;f/;Dd $ jif{ eGbf a9Lsf] s7f]/ h]n hLjgsf] oftgf lbPsf] lyof] . k6s–k6ssf] k|x/L lx/f;t / @)$@ sf] ;Tofu|xdf cfˆgf 5f]/f, a'xf/L, 5f]/L / gftL ;lxt kl/jf/sf ( hgf ;b:on] lu/ˆtf/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] . c/fli6«o tTjsf] cf/f]kdf k~r / k|zf;gsf] bjfjdf $ jif{ ;dfhaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] alxis[t x'g'kg]{ ckdfg / kL8f pxfFsf] kl/jf/n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] lyof] . @)$* ;fnkl5 k|hftGq ;]gfgL ;+3sf] lhNnf ;efklt / e"ldut sfndf kf6L{sf] lhNnf ;b:o /xg' ePsf :j= /fgfef6n] @)!& ;fn cl3 aL/u~h / g]kfnu~h dxflwj]zgdf lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnf, ;'j0f{ zDz]/, u0f]zdfg l;+x, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] lgs6td ;Dks{df /xg' ePsf :j= /fgfef6n] g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f ;+rflnt x/]s ;+3if{df lg/Gt/ k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg kf6L{sf] Oltxf;df ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 kf6L{nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf cgj/t ?kn] lqmofzLn JolQmTj /fgfef6sf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy}, lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxfdGqL tf/fgf6 /fgfef6 nufot pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
pxfFk|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ pxfFsf] kfyL{j z/L/nfO{ cfh laxfg ( ah]b]lv lbpF;f] !!M#) ah];Dd kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ k"j{ k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, pk;efkltåo /fdrGb| kf}8n / k|sfzdfg l;+x, dxfdGqLx?— s]=aL= u'?ª, ljdn]Gb| lglw / 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, ;x–dxfdGqL Pj+ k|jQmf ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo+ ;b:ox?, dGqLx?, ;f+;bx?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? / 7"nf] ;+Vofdf pkl:ylt kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] pxfFk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lbpF;f] !@M#) ah] pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . kz'klt cfo{3f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ªn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ :j= /fgfef6df clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ eof] . To;}u/L s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, dGqLx?, ;f+;bx?, lhNnf ;efkltx?, eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3sf cWoIfx? nufot 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] :j= /fgfef6df >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ &, @)^$
zf]s lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxfdGqL, k|ltlglw;efsf k"j{ ;efd'v Pj+ jt{dfg ;f+;b d]/f ldq tf/fgfy /fgfef6sf lktf g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf lj=;+= @))# ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn gf/fo0fbQ /fgfef6sf] lxhf] a]n'sL ($ jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg x'g uPsf]df dnfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfu]sf]
5 . g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf, k'g:yf{kgf / o;sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf x/]s cfGbf]ngdf ;ft bzsb]lv lg/Gt/ ;lqmo /fgfef6sf] lgwgaf6 g]kfnn] Ps kfsf / P]ltxfl;s JolQmTjnfO{ u'dfpg' k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /lx/xg]5 .
b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt ldq tf/fgfy /fgfef6 ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGthgx?df k/d]Zj/n] w}o{ wf/0f ug{ ;Sg] zlQm k|bfg ug]{5g\ eGg] sfdgfsf ;fy xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

d+l;/ ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

ljut s]xL dlxgfb]lv b]zdf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlwx? tLj| x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL nufot c1ft ;d"xx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ckx/0f ug]{, ;DklQ n'6\g] / Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg] h:tf cfk/flws lqmofsnfkx? bf]xl/O/x]sf] 5 . o;}qmddf—
!= g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o /f; a'9f du/nfO{ d+l;/ $ ut] sf7df8f}Fsf] 7d]naf6 c1ft ;d"xn] cfFvfdf sfnf] k§L afFwL ckx/0f u/L c1ft :yntkm{ nu]sf 5g\ / xfn;Dd klg pxfFsf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .
@= g]kfnL sfFu|]; l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf afF;vs{ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % sf czf]s tfdfªnfO{ X\of]Ndf] d'lQm df]rf{sf sfo{stf{n] ut sflQ{s @! ut] hjh{:tL ?= @%,))).– / gf]lsof df]jfOn ;]6 n'6L nu]sf 5g\ .
#= g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt ;+3 lhNnf sfo{;ldlt l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;b:o Pj+ Hofld/] uf=lj=;= lgjf;L ljsf; tfdfªnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf /fs]z x'F eGg]n] (*)^*))$!$ g+=sf] df]jfOnaf6 kmf]g u/L wDsLk"0f{ efiffdf lg/Gt/ dfgl;s oftgf lbPsf 5g\ .
of] cfk/flws / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / ckx/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx?sf] zL3| l/xfO{ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 . ;fy}, cfk/flws lqmofsnfk ;+nUg JolQm÷;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s958f sfjf{xL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
df]/Ësf] lj/f6gu/ l:yt gf]a]n d]l8sn sn]hsf cWoIf 8f= 1fg]Gb| lu/L, k|jGw lgb]{zs gj/fh kf08], lgb]{zsåo pd]z kf08] / cflbTo vgfn tyf ;+rfns hgs l/hfn / ;Gtf]ifd0fL Gof}kfg] ;lxt ^ hgfnfO{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] lzif{:y g]t[Tjaf6 af]nfOPsf] 5 egL dfcf]jfbLsf] cu'jfO{df tL; hgfsf] ;d"xn] ut cfOtaf/ cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynaf6 g} ckx/0f u/]sf / lg3f{t s'6lk6 u/L cg]s zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf tyf Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbO{ ckx/0fsf] em08} !$ 306fkl5 sfe|]sf] sfdL8fF8faf6 d'Qm ul/Psf] 36\gf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ;dfrf/af6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw / rlst ePsf] 5 .
zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cfkm\gf] OdfGbf/ k|ltj4tfsf] jvfg ug{ k6Ss} kl5 gkg]{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;+nUgtfdf ckx/0f, s'6lk6, zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf tyf Hofg dfg]{ wDsL ;d]t lbg] h:tf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlw ul/g'n] zflGt k|s[ofk|lt pgLx?sf] lkmtnf] rl/q k'gM 5n{Ë ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] lgb]{zgdf ePsf] o; h3Go 36gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy}, eljiodf o; lsl;dsf zlQmsf] bDek"0f{ cfk/flws ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]skf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / o;sf eft[ ;+u7gx?nfO{ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 .
;fy}, o; lsl;dsf ultljlwx?af6 gful/ssf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfsf] ljifodf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;tkm{ ;hu /xg / cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUgx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ #, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
ljut s]xL ;dob]lv g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ckx/0f ug]{, Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg] h:tf cToGt c/fhs / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf ¿s'd lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?;Fu k};f df+u ug]{, ckx/0f ug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfk dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] 5 .
-!_ ?s'd lhNnfsf lzIfs anaxfb'/ s]=;L=nfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] lhNnf ;]qm]6/L uf]kfn zdf{ -cgn_ n] ckx/0f ug]{ wDsL lbPsf 5g\ . o; cl3 klg s]=;L=nfO{ hjh{:tL k};f df+u ub}{ sfuh ;d]t u/fPsf lyP .
-@_ g]kfn lzIfs ;+3 ?s'dsf ;b:o Pj+ ;f+v uf=lj=;= lgjf;L 9fnaxfb'/ dxtsf] 3/af6 c;f]hsf] clGtdlt/ wfg n'l6Psf] 5 .
-#_ lkkn uf=lj=;= l:yt lzIfs g/lht a:g]t, nfnL a:g]t nufotsfsf] 3/hUuf laqmL ug{ dfcf]jfbLn] ha/h:tL /f]s nufPsf 5g\ .
-$_ g]kfn t?0f bn lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ?s'dsf lhNnf cWoIf gGb lji6nfO{ @)^$ d+l;/ @ ut] /flt !@M$% ah] ^÷& hgfsf] c1ft ;d"xn] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLaf6 af/Daf/ o:tf cjf+l5t / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk bf]xl/O/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg Pj+ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ #, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
wg'iff lhNnf ktg'sf uf=lj=;= sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 lgjt{dfg cWoIf kjgs'df/ d08nnfO{ lxhf] ljxfg c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L xTof ul/lbPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] zj cfh ljxfg hgsk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] k'Nrf]s glhs e]l6Psf] 5 .
To;} u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ wg'iff lhNnf afnfafv/ uf=lj=;=sL sf}lzNofb]jL ofbjnfO{ c1ft ;d"xaf6 g} xTof ePsf] 5 / 7'n] ofbj 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg ;a} bf]ifLx?nfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{, d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

bfr'{nf lhNnf wf}nfsf]6 uf=lj=;= lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt bfr'{nfsf ;b:o wglht l;+x lji6sf] lxhf] d+l;/ ! ut] laxfg !! ah] g]kfnu~h d]l8sn sn]hdf pkrf/sf qmddf c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ dxf;ldlt ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfFn] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] Ps k|ltj4 / lgi7fjfg sfo{stf{ u'dfPsf] 5 .

pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] wglht l;+x lji6sf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfFn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg kf6L{df ;bf :d/0fLo /xg] s'/f sfo{jfxs ;efkltn] JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"n] klg wglht l;+xsf] lgwgdf b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

d+l;/ @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

nDh'ª lhNnf rGb|]Zj/ uf=lj=;= #, 8fF8f ufpF lgjf;L g]kfn lzIfs ;+3;Fu cfj4 lzIfs uf]ljGbaxfb'/ ;fsL{nfO{ c1ft ;d"xn] xTof u/]sf 5g\ . @)^$ d+l;/ ! ut] l;b'/] uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g+= # jgs§f eGg] le/sf] km]bL h+undf 3fF6Lsf] cl3Nnf] efu sfl6Psf], gfs, sfg, cfFvf gePsf] / 6fpFsf] hnfOPsf] cj:yfdf pxfFsf] zj km]nf k/]sf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ ut sflQ{s @@ ut] ljBfnoaf6 3/ kms{b} u/]sf] cj:yfdf c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP . pxfF l;b'/] uf=lj=;=sf] zf]ef dlGb/ k|f=lj=, dGs] 8fF8fdf lzIfssf] ?kdf sfo{/t
x'g'x'GYof] .

of] kfzljs / lgd{d xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ljut s]xL ;dob]lv b]zdf xTof, lx+;f, ckx/0f / rGbf cftÍ h:tf c/fhs / cfk/flws lqmofsnfk tLj| ?kdf a9\b} uPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfkx? /f]Sg, d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt Pj+ Ifltk"lt{ lbg / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s @(, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
57 kj{ @)^$ sf cj;/df g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ug'{ x'g] ;Dk"0f{ bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df ;'v, zflGt, ;Dj[l4 / ;kmntfsf nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
/fi6«sf ;a} lhDd]jf/ kIfx? hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / hgfb]zsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ oyflz3| ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L /fi6«nfO{ ;xh k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9fpg / lgsf; k|bfg ug{ cu|;/ / OdfGbf/ /xg' kb{5 .
57 kj{ @)^$ n] cfk;L ;dembf/L / ljZjf;sf] clej[l4 u/fO{ /fli6«o ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ 5 eGg] ljZjf; JoQm ub{5' .
ho g]kfn Û
-z]/axfb'/ b]pjf_
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

sflt{s @(, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf

g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ / kljq rf8 æ57 kj{Æ sf cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{jf;L bfh'–efO{ tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df ;'v, zflGt, ;+d[l4 / ;kmntfsf nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k ;Dk"0f{ efiff, wd{, j0f{, hft–hflt, ;Dk|bfo / ef}uf]lns agfj6df a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ ;a}sf] ;'lglZrt k|ltlglwTj ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug'{ /fi6«sf ;fd' k|d'v lhDd]jf/L / r'gf}lt /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ljljwtfsf] pj{/e"ldsf ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fi6«df ljut s]xL ;dob]lv k'gM k|f/De ePsf lx+;fTds / c/fhs ultljlwx?n] gful/ssf ;fF:s[lts nufotsf df}lns xs clwsf/x? dfly cj/f]w pTkGg eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;y{, t/fO{ nufotsf If]qx?df ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg u/L ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/sx?sf cfwf/e"t df}lns clwsf/x?sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 agfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt oyflz3| to ul/g' cTofjZos 5 .
/fi6«sf ;fd' pkl:yt ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf] ;dfwfg cfk;L ljZjf; / ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;DkGg ug{ lhDd]jf/ ;a} kIfx?nfO{ æ57 kj{Æ @)^$ n] k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; ;d]t k|s6 ub{5' .
ho g]kfn Û
;'zLn sf]O/fnf
sf=jf= ;efklt

---

sflQ{s @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
slknj:t' lhNnfaf6 ckx/0fdf kg'{ ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o jlsn d';ndfgsf] dfcf]jfbLx?n] xTof u/]sf 5g\ . lxhf] @)^$ sflQ{s @% ut] jsLn d';ndfgsf] dt[ z/L/ n'lDagL cfbz{sf] j8f g+= ^ df uf8]sf] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] lyof] / ;f] zjnfO{ cfh sflQ{s @^ ut] lhNnfsf] eLd c:ktfndf NofO{ kf]i6df6{d ul/Psf] 5 .
?kGb]xL lhNnf If]q g+= & t]g'xjf uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt cAb'n df]lsd d';ndfgsf efO{ Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o jlsn d';ndfgnfO{ slknj:t' lhNnfsf] kt/Lof uf=lj=;=sf] ;f]x;f ahf/af6 oxL sflQ{s !^ ut] s/La $ ah] %—& hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfPsf dfcf]jfbLx?n] ckx/0f u/L j]kQf agfPsf lyP .
of] g[z+z / kfzljs xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . xTofdf ;+nUg ck/fwLx?nfO{ tbf?stfsf ;fy vf]hL u/L s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg tyf d[tssf kl/jf/hgnfO{ plrt /fxt Pj+ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s @%, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
efOl6sf xfdL ;a}n] cToGt xiff]{Nxf;sf ;fy dgfpg] Ps wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs kj{ xf] . xfd|f k|To]s rf8–kj{x? kf/:kl/s lxt, cfk;L ;xof]u / ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf w/f]x/x? x'g\ . wfld{s ljZjf; Pj+ ;fdflhs ;b\efjnfO{ ;w}+ cIf'0o /fVg g} xfdL oL kj{x? dgfpF5f}F . efOl6sf cem a9L ;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;f+:s[lts hfu/0fsf] k|tLs xf] .
efOl6sfsf] of] kfjg kj{sf] ;'vb cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–a}gLx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 ;'v, zflGt / ;d[l4sf] d+undo sfdgf .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s @#, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
ef]ln g]kfn ;Djt\sf] !!@* cf}F jif{df k|j]zsf] klxnf] lbg xf] . of] ;'vb pknIodf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Dk"0f{ bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df xflb{s z'e–sfdgf ck{0f ub{5 .
g]kfn ljleGg wd{, ljleGg ;+:s[lt, ljleGg rf8–kj{ / /Lltl/jfh ePsf] d'n's xf] . oxfF o;/L x/]s s'/fdf ljleGgtf /x] klg Psn] csf{nfO{ ;w}+ cfb/ / ;Ddfgsf] ?kn] x]g]{ xfd|f] cfˆgf ljlzi7 k/Dk/f 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf k|To]s efiff, k|To]s kj{ / k|To]s ;+:s[ltx? xfd|f] efOrf/fsf] efjgf / cfk;L Pstfsf hLjGt w/f]x/ eP/ /x]sf 5g\ .
s'g} klg kj{ / ;+:s[ltsf] k5fl8 ;dfhsf] lxt / cfbz{sf s]xL cfwf/x? /x]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfn ;Djt\sf] k5fl8 klg cfˆg} Pp6f o:t} — lnI5jL sfnsf Ps ;fdfGo ls;fg z+vw/n] cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] 7"nf] wg/flzaf6 ;a}nfO{ C0f df]rg u/]sf] k/f]ksf/k"0f{ lsDjbGtL /x]sf] 5 . elgG5 — ToxL k'gLt sfo{sf] :d[ltdf g]kfn ;Djt\sf] k|rng ePsf] xf] . To;}n] o; leq cGt/lglxt k/f]ksf/sf] efjgf / dfgjLo cfb{zsf] klg xfdLn] :d/0f ug'{ k5{ .
g]kfn ;Djt\ — gofF jif{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?df ;'v / ;Dj[l4sf] jif{ xf];\ Û o;sf] klxnf] lbg ;a}df g]kfnL sfFu|]; oxL z'e–sfdgf / z'e]R5f JoQm ub{5 .
;'zLn sf]O/fnf
sf=jf= ;efklt

---

sflQ{s @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;ft /fhgLlts bn tyf ;/sf/;Fu ljleGg ;dembf/L / ;xdlt sfod u/L zflGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ tyf p;sf] e|ft[ ;+u7gx?åf/f g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ljleGg lhNnfsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? pk/ ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug]{, Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbg], ckx/0f ug]{ tyf cg]s lsl;dn] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg] u/]sf lg/Gt/sf 36\gfx?k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o;} qmddf—
-!_ sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf] wf}nfuf]x uf=lj=;= * / ( lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x?— dg';/ a'9f, a]nf a'9f, lgd{nf a'9f, kfGsL a'9f, uf]v]{ a'9f, k6] a'9f, d}df a'9f, dlg a'9f, lw/] a'9f, bfg] a'9f, dg?k a'9f, g/]Gb| a'9f, dgsnf a'9f / b'uf{ a'9f ;lxt rf}w hgfnfO{ oxL sflQ{s & ut] /flt g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf uf]/L snf lj=s=sf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf ;d"xaf6 d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L s'6lk6 u/L ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{sf nflu cGoq hfg ;d]t lbPsf 5}gg\ .
-@_ ?kGb]xL lhNnf If]q g+= & t]g'xjf uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt cAb'n df]lsd d';ndfgsf efO{ cAb'n jlsn d';ndfgnfO{ slknj:t' lhNnf kt/Lof ;f]x;fsf] :yfgLo xf6 ahf/af6 oxL sflQ{s !^ ut] s/La $ ah] %—& hgfsf] xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L j]kQf agfPsf 5g\ .
-#_ o;}u/L, /f]Nkf /fªsf]6 uf=lj=;= ! lgjf;L k[YjL ;'gf/sf 5f]/f OGb| axfb'/ ;'gf/nfO{ @)^# df3 dlxgfdf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L xfn;Dd klg pgsf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs gu/]sf] / d'Qm ;d]t u/]sf 5}gg\ . ;f]xL uf=lj=;= % lgjf;L rGb|axfb'/ v8\sfaf6 ?= $#,))).– -lqrfln; xhf/_ sf] hjh{:tL td;'s u/fPsf / b]paxfb'/ v8\sfaf6 ?= !%,))).– -kGw| xhf/_, aL/axfb'/ jnLaf6 ?= !&,%)).– -;qxhf/ kfFr ;o_ hjh{:tL lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L g} /f]Nkfs} tfnfjfª uf=lj=;= ( sf sdfgl;+x v8\ssf] @)^# kf}if !! ut]b]lv dfcf]jfbLn] 3/ ;DklQ sAhf u/L xfn;Dd klg lkmtf{ u/]sf 5}gg\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLaf6 lbgfg'lbg ul/b} cfPsf] r/d lsl;dsf c/fhs / cfk/flws ultljlw t'?Gt aGb ug{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy} cfˆgf /fhgLlts ;xdlt / ;dembf/LnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;hu u/fpFb5 / sflnsf]6df s'6lk6 ul/Psf ;a}sf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] Joj:yfsf nflu ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ tyf ?kGb]xL / /f]Nkfaf6 ckx/0f ul/Psf ;a}sf] l:ylt tTsfn ;fj{hlgs u/L cljnDj ;s'zn d'Qm ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} /f]Nkfdf hjh{:tL /sd p7fOPsf ;a}sf] /sd lkmtf{ ug{ / hjh{:tL u/fOPsf td;'s ;d]t /2 ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; k'gM ;r]t u/fpFb5 .
;fy}, s'6lk6 ul/Psfx?sf] plrt :jf:yf]krf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ / ckx/0f ul/Psf ;a}sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{ tyf cfd hgtfdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy} ckx/0f ul/g' ePsfx?sf] zL3| ;s'zn l/xfOsf nflu ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3 ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lxhf] sflQ{s @) ut] nDh'ª lhNnf l:yt ;jf]{Rr pRr df=lj= b'/f8fF8fsf] :yfkgf lbj;sf] sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] cgfjZos ljjfb u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;f+;b xl/eQm clwsf/LnfO{ xftkft ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|]; If]q g+= @ sf ;efklt u0f]z Gof}kfg] ;d]nfO{ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] o:tf] ck|hftflGqs / u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ljBfno eg]sf] zflGtsf] If]q xf] / To; If]qleq klg dfcf]jfbLx?n] c/fhstf pTkGg u/L 8/ / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg' / g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ g} nlIft u/L cfqmd0f ug'{ lgtfGt lgof]lht cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfkx? k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
af/fsf kqsf/ aL/]Gb| ;fxsf] dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] cdfgjLo / kfzljs xTofsf] 36\gfaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . kqsf/ ;fxsf] xTof /fHosf] rf}yf] c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] :jtGq, lgikIf kqsfl/tfdflysf] 7f8f] k|xf/sf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs / :jtGq kqsfl/tfsf] lxt ;Dj4{gsf] lgldQ ;+3if{/t ;fxsf] xTofn] dfcf]jfbLsf] ljut / jt{dfgsf] rl/q / Jojxf/nfO{ km]l/ klg pbfËf] kf/]sf] 5 . of] dfgjtf lj?4sf] h3Go ck/fw xf] / JolQm xTofsf dfWodaf6 dfgj clwsf/ / nf]stGqnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] sfo/tfk"0f{ if8oGq xf] .

ljutsf ;xdlt / ;dembf/Ldf x:tfIf/ u/L dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjaf6 s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ef}lts sfjf{xL gul/g] af/Daf/ k|ltj4tfx? hfx]/ u/]tf klg pgLx?sf] Jojxf/ / rl/qdf kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b k|s6 ub{5 . dfcf]jfbLx? cem} klg xTof / lx+;fdf ljZjf; ug]{, j}rfl/s åGbaf6 c?nfO{ k/flht ug]{ xf]Og ls xltof/sf] anaf6 g} /fHo;Qf sAhf ug{ ;lsg] ljutsf] k'/fg} dfgl;stfaf6 u|l;t ePsf] b]lvG5 / kqsf/ aL/]Gb| ;fxsf] xTofn] klg o;} s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .

s'g} klg lgbf]{if / lgxTyf JolQmsf] xTof ub}{df p;sf] ef}lts z/L/nfO{ ;dfKt ug{ t ;lsPnf t/ p;sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;bfsf nflu k/f:t ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] a'‰g cfjZos 5 .

kqsf/ aL/]Gb| ;fxsf] xTof dfgj clwsf/, k|]; :jtGqtf / nf]stGqdfly ePsf] k|xf/sf] 36\gf xf] . dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . kqsf/ ;fxsf] xTofsf] 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L pxfFsf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt /fxt Pj+ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg tyf cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
l;/xf lhNnf demf}lnof uf=lj=;= lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo k|ltlglw /fdafns l;+xsf] zj cfh laxfg s/La !) ah] ldr}{ofb]lv @ sL=ld= klZrd sYyf km\ofS6«Lsf] k5f8Lsf] emf8Ldf d[t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ oxL sflt{s !% ut] Ps ckl/lrt dlxnfn] af]nfO{ s]xLk/ nu]kl5 c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP .
h'g;'s} tTj jf ;d"xn] of] 36\gf 36fPsf] ePtfklg g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b JoQm ub{5 . JolQm xTof u/]/ zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofO{ qf; / eosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTjnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug'{ k5{ .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
kfls:tfgL gful/sx?sf ;Dk"0f{ df}lns / ;+j}wflgs clwsf/x?dfly k|ltjGw nufpFb} /fi6«klt hg/n k/j]h d';/{kmn] zlgaf/ ;fFem ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/L ;}lgs sfg"g nfu" u/]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs tyf :jtGq lghL ;+rf/ dfWoddfly k|ltaGw tyf Gofokflnsf nufot ;+j}wflgs lgsfodflysf] lgoGq0fn] kfls:tfgL gful/sx?sf ;Dk"0f{ xs clwsf/ vf]l;Psf 5g\ . hgtfsf] Go"gtd df}lns xs clwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt ul/Psf] 5 . k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotf ljkl/t ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; To;sf] lj/f]w ub{5 .
k|hftGq Pj+ ;+ljwfg lj/f]wL 3f]if0ffsf] kl/0ffd :j?k pTkGg ePsf] cfhsf] ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} hgtf g} ;Dk"0f{ zlQmsf ;|f]t x'g eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L kfls:tfgdf 3f]if0ff ePsf] ;+s6sfnsf] cfb]z lkmtf{ lng / ToxfF cljnDj k|hftflGqs k|s[ofnfO{ ;'rf? ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

ldltM @)^$.&.!*
k|]; jQmJo

l;/xf lhNnfsf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{jf6 ;f]gdlt dhf}/f uflj;sf k"j{ cWoIf j]rg ofbjsf] ckx/0f kZrft lgd{dtfk"j{s xTof ul/Psf] 36gfjf6 d cToGt ddf{xt / b'MvLt ePsf] 5' .
o; h3Go 36gfsf] d 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5' . ;fy}, 36gfdf ;+nUg cfk/flws tTjx? kQf nufO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL ug{ tyf lkl8t kl/jf/x?nfO{ plrt /fxt Pj+ Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug{ / cfd gful/sx?nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg d ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5' .
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
g]tf
Pj+
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

ldltM @)^$.&.!*
k|]; lj1lKt
lxhf] j]n'sf l;/fxf lhNnfsf] nfxfg gu/kflnsf c:ktfn rf]sjf6 c1ft ;d"xjf6 ckx/0f ul/g' ePsf l;/xf lhNnfsf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{jf6 ;f]gdlt dhf}/f uflj;sf k"j{ cWoIf j]rg ofbjsf] lgd{d / jj{/tfk"0f{ tl/sfn] xTof ul/Psf] 36gfjf6 g]kfnL sf+u|]; :tJw / b'MvL ePsf] 5 . pxfsf] xTofjf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
o; h3Go 36gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub}{ 36gfdf ;+nUg cfk/flws tTjx? kQf nufO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL ug{ tyf cfd gful/sx?nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy}, lkl8t kl/jf/x?nfO{ plrt /fxt / Ifltk"lt{ pknJw u/fpg ;d]t g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] e|ft[ ;+:yf g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt ;+3 /;'jfsf ;efklt Pj+ ef]n]{ uf=lj=;= /;'jfsf k"j{ cWoIf >L d]gnfdf tfdfªnfO{ @)^$ sflQ{s !^ ut] /flt * ah] ef]n]{—@ ;:o"{ l:yt cfˆg} 3/df kl/jf/ ;lxt al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{ jfOl;Pn atfpg] !$÷!% hgfsf] ;d"xn] d]gnfdf tfdfË / pxfFsL >LdtL / s]6fs]6L ;d]tnfO{ ;f+3flts xdnf u/L d]g nfdf tfdfËnfO{ 3/af6 s/La !)) dL= b"/L;Dd l3;f/]/ NofO{ hghflt ;+3 Pj+ sfFu|]; kf6L{ kl/Tofu ug{ wDsL ;d]t lbO{ Ps nfv ?k}ofF ;d]t dfu u/]sf / o; 36gfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/]df ef}lts sfjf{xL ;d]t ug]{ wDsL lbPsf 5g\ . ;Vt 3fOt] d]g nfdf tfdfË clxn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIf0f c:ktfn dxf/fhu~hdf pkrf/ u/fO/xg' ePsf] 5 . g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ tyf ltgsf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?af6 lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] o; lsl;dsf cfk/flws / sfo/tfk"0f{ ultljlwsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf, lgGbf / lj/f]w ub{5 . cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUg bf]ifL JolQmx?nfO{ tTsfn lgoGq0fdf lnO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL ug{ ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . cfOGbf o; lsl;dsf lgGbgLo, cdfgjLo Pj+ u}/ nf]stflGqs 36gfx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / cfkm";Fu c;xdt /fVg] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?;Fu s'g} klg jxfgfdf wDsL lbO{ /sd c;'Ng] sfo{ ;d]t aGb ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . ;fy}, ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/sx?nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ;d]t ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
ljut s]xL lbgb]lv dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ckx/0f ug]{, s'6lk6 ug]{ / ;DklQ sAhfdf lnO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg] h:tf lgGbgLo / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfknfO{ bf]xf]¥ofO{ /x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
o;} qmddf— g]kfnL sfFu|]; g'jfsf]6 lhNNff cf]v/kf}jf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;lrj Pj+ g]kfn t?0f bn lhNnf sfo{;ldlt g'jfsf]6sf ;b:o /fds'df/ l3ld/] / ;f]xL uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o Pj+ ufpF sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o lzj yfkfnfO{ g'jfsf]6 lhNnf rfpy] uf=lj=;=j8f g+= % sf jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{ ljZjf; eGg] gj/fh 9'+ufgfsf] ;d"xn] lxhf] lbpF;f] @M#) ah] :yfgLo lasf; dGqfnosf] kl/;/af6 ckx/0f u/L hfjnfv]n l:yt PsfGts'gfsf] jfOl;Pn sfof{nodf nuL lgd{d / kfzljs tj/n] s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFx?nfO{ af=% r *)^( g+= sf] dx]Gb| an]/f]sf] sfnf] l;;f ePsf] uf8Laf6 lbgbxf8} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] sfof{no kl/;/af6 ckx/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;xefuL ePsf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf e|ft[ ;+u7gsf sfo{stf{x?sf] Jojxf/ / rl/qdf cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b k|s6 ub{5 . ljgf s'g} sf/0f ckx/0f u/L zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbOPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 .
;fy} zflGt ;'Joj:yf vnaNofpg] o:tf lsl;dsf s'g} klg lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpFb5 . o; k|sf/sf] cjf+l5t / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL 36\gfdf ;+nUg s'g} klg JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt cfd gful/sdf u/fpg / 3fOt]x?sf] plrt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !$, @)^$

k|]; lj1lKt

l;Gw'kfNrf]s l;ª\kfn sfe|] uf=lj=;= sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo k|ltlglw Pj+ g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;b:o 8an] nfdfnfO{ ev{/} $M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] af}4af6 dfcf]jfbLn] ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 Tof] c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;xefuL /x]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b JoQm ub{5 . dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] of] cdfgjLo / cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 / ckx/0f ul/Psf 8an] nfdfsf] zL3| ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgLsf ;fy ;hu u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o:tf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 / o;k|sf/sf zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy}, ckx/0f ul/Psf 8an] nfdfsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !$, @)^$

k|]; lj1lKt
ljut s]xL ;dob]lv dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ af/Daf/ wDsL lbg], s'6lk6 ug]{ / ckx/0f ug]{ h:tf dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk / cfk/flws ultljlw u/L zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg] h:tf 36\gfx? 36fO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgsif{0f ePsf]
5 . o;}qmddf—
!= l;/xf lhNnf demf]lnof uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % lgjf;L c;kmL{ rf}w/Lsf] 5f]/f jif{ %% sf] lzjz+s/ rf}w/LnfO{ ldlt @)^$÷&÷@ ut]sf lbg 3/df /flt ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf ckx/0f u/L nu]sf] / xfn;Dd pxfFsf] cj:yf c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
@= ;f]xL lhNnfsf] lrsgf ef]qmfxf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] /fd ;f]uf/y ofbjsf] 5f]/f Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o vu]Zj/ ofbjsf] elthf j]rg ofbjnfO{ @)^$÷&÷$ ut] /flt s/La !) ah] a:tLk'/ rf]sdf gfr x]l//x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] ckx/0f u/]sf] / pxfFsf] cj:yf klg xfn;Dd c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
#= To;}u/L l;/fxfs} gx/fl/uf}n uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt s[i0fs'df/ ofbj, ;b:o u+uf ofbj / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;fwf/0f ;b:o /GwL/ ofbj df]6/ ;fOsndf eujfgk'/ rf]sb]lv udx/Lof rf]s hfFbf ;f] rf]sdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ ljZjDe/ ofbj, j'4] ofbj ;d]tsf] hTyfn] ck|TofzLt ?kdf df]6/ ;fOsn /f]sL pxfFx?nfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ / pxfFx? r9]sf] df]6/ ;fOsn ;d]t dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ . ;f] ;DaGwdf Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf ;fj{hlgs d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] / ;f] d'2fsf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd klg s'g} sfjf{xL ePsf] 5}g .
$= g]kfn blnt ;+3 lhNnf sfo{;ldlt sf7df8f}Fsf ;efklt ;'/]Gb|s'df/ /;fOnLnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] ckx/0f u/L d'Qm ul/;s]kl5 klg df]jfOn g+= (&$!–)%*@^% / (*%!)–!*#%! af6 qmdzM dfcf]jfbLsf d's]z / ;fu/n] af/Daf/ pxfFsf] df]jfOndf kmf]g u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ckx/0fsf] lj/f]w u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lj1lKtsf] v08g gu/]df h] klg ug{ ;Sg] h:tf wDsL lbPsf 5g\ .
pxfFnfO{ sflQ{s !@ ut] ck/fGX $ ah] dfcf]jfbL;Fu lgs6 ;+u7g ;f]n'v'Da'—sf7df8f}F u0ftflGqs d~rsf sfo{stf{x?n] sf7df8fF}sf] ;'s]wf/faf6 ckx/0f u/]sf lyP / ckx/0fkl5 pxfFnfO{ d~rsf] sfof{no ;'s]wf/fdf /fvL ufnL unf}h ub}{ ljleGg ljifodf ;f]wk'5 ug'{sf ;fy} s'6lk6 ;d]t u/L 3fOt] cj:yfdf d~rsf sfo{stf{x?n] ;f]xL lbg dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lhDdf nufOlbPsf lyP . pxfF;Fu /x]sf] af= !( k !$&& g+= sf] df]6/ ;fOsn klg pgLx?n] cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf lyP .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;xefuL /x]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b JoQm ub{5 . dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7gx?af6 ckx/0f, s'6lk6, ;DklQ sAhf h:tf] cdfgjLo / cfk/flws lqmofsnfk ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 / ckx/0f ul/Psf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{ / n'l6Psf] df]6/;fOsn cljnDa lkmtf{ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;hu u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o:tf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g tyf cfˆgf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?nfO{ o:tf cjf+l5t / cdfgjLo ultljlw gug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 / o;k|sf/sf zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy}, ckx/0f ul/Psf ;a}sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

l;Gw'kfNrf]s l;ª\kfn sfe|] uf=lj=;= sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo k|ltlglw Pj+ g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;b:o 8an] nfdfnfO{ ev{/} $M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] af}4af6 dfcf]jfbLn] ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ sxfF / s'g cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 Tof] c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;xefuL /x]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b JoQm ub{5 . dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] of] cdfgjLo / cfk/flws lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 / ckx/0f ul/Psf 8an] nfdfsf] zL3| ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgLsf ;fy ;hu u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o:tf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 / o;k|sf/sf zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy}, ckx/0f ul/Psf 8an] nfdfsf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

ljut s]xL ;dob]lv dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ af/Daf/ wDsL lbg], s'6lk6 ug]{ / ckx/0f ug]{ h:tf dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk / cfk/flws ultljlw u/L zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbg] h:tf 36\gfx? 36fO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o;}qmddf—
!= l;/xf lhNnf demf]lnof uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % lgjf;L c;kmL{ rf}w/Lsf] 5f]/f jif{ %% sf] lzjz+s/ rf}w/LnfO{ ldlt @)^$÷&÷@ ut]sf lbg 3/df /flt ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf ckx/0f u/L nu]sf] / xfn;Dd pxfFsf] cj:yf c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
@= ;f]xL lhNnfsf] lrsgf ef]qmfxf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] /fd ;f]uf/y ofbjsf] 5f]/f Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o vu]Zj/ ofbjsf] elthf j]rg ofbjnfO{ @)^$÷&÷$ ut] /flt s/La !) ah] a:tLk'/ rf]sdf gfr x]l//x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] ckx/0f u/]sf] / pxfFsf] cj:yf klg xfn;Dd c1ft /x]sf] 5 .
#= To;}u/L l;/fxfs} gx/fl/uf}n uf=lj=;=sf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt s[i0fs'df/ ofbj, ;b:o u+uf ofbj / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;fwf/0f ;b:o /GwL/ ofbj df]6/ ;fOsndf eujfgk'/ rf]sb]lv udx/Lof rf]s hfFbf ;f] rf]sdf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{ ljZjDe/ ofbj, j'4] ofbj ;d]tsf] hTyfn] ck|TofzLt ?kdf df]6/ ;fOsn /f]sL pxfFx?nfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ / pxfFx? r9]sf] df]6/ ;fOsn ;d]t dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ . ;f] ;DaGwdf Onfsf k|x/L sfof{nodf ;fj{hlgs d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] / ;f] d'2fsf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd klg s'g} sfjf{xL ePsf] 5}g .
$= g]kfn blnt ;+3 lhNnf sfo{;ldlt sf7df8f}Fsf ;efklt ;'/]Gb|s'df/ /;fOnLnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] ckx/0f u/L d'Qm ul/;s]kl5 klg df]jfOn g+= (&$!–)%*@^% / (*%!)–!*#%! af6 qmdzM dfcf]jfbLsf d's]z / ;fu/n] af/Daf/ pxfFsf] df]jfOndf kmf]g u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ckx/0fsf] lj/f]w u/L hf/L ul/Psf] lj1lKtsf] v08g gu/]df h] klg ug{ ;Sg] h:tf wDsL lbPsf 5g\ .
pxfFnfO{ sflQ{s !@ ut] ck/fGX $ ah] dfcf]jfbL;Fu lgs6 ;+u7g ;f]n'v'Da'—sf7df8f}F u0ftflGqs d~rsf sfo{stf{x?n] sf7df8fF}sf] ;'s]wf/faf6 ckx/0f u/]sf lyP / ckx/0fkl5 pxfFnfO{ d~rsf] sfof{no ;'s]wf/fdf /fvL ufnL unf}h ub}{ ljleGg ljifodf ;f]wk'5 ug'{sf ;fy} s'6lk6 ;d]t u/L 3fOt] cj:yfdf d~rsf sfo{stf{x?n] ;f]xL lbg dfcf]jfbLsf] e|ft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lhDdf nufOlbPsf lyP . pxfF;Fu /x]sf] af= !( k !$&& g+= sf] df]6/ ;fOsn klg pgLx?n] cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf lyP .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;xefuL /x]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b JoQm ub{5 . dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7gx?af6 ckx/0f, s'6lk6, ;DklQ sAhf h:tf] cdfgjLo / cfk/flws lqmofsnfk ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 / ckx/0f ul/Psf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{ / n'l6Psf] df]6/;fOsn cljnDa lkmtf{ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;hu u/fpFb5 . ;fy} o:tf cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? gbf]xf]¥ofpg / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g tyf cfˆgf e|ft[ ;+u7gx?nfO{ o:tf cjf+l5t / cdfgjLo ultljlw gug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 / o;k|sf/sf zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] lqmofsnfk ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sf/jfxL u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub{5 . ;fy}, ckx/0f ul/Psf ;a}sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf nflu cfjZos kxn ul/lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yfx?;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn t?0f bn eQmk'/sf ;Nnfxsf/ /lj /f0ffnfO{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;onsf sfo{stfx?åf/f cfh dWofGx !@ ah] eQmk'/ ;Nnf3f/Laf6 ckx/0f u/L c1ft :yntkm{ nluPsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL tyf o;sf] eft[ ;+u7gåf/f b}lgs h;f] g]kfnL sfFu|]; tyf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf eft[ ;+u7gsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ckx/0f ug]{, 8/, wfs–wDsL b]vfpg] tyf dfgl;s oftgf ;d]t lbg] lg/Gt/sf 36gfx?k|lt v]b JoQm ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; lsl;dsf 36gfx? eljiodf gbf]xf]¥ofpg ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 / ev{/} dfq ckx/0f ul/g' ePsf /lj /f0ffsf] l:ylt tTsfn ;fj{hlgs u/L pxfFsf] cljnDa / ;s'zn l/xfO{sf] nflu dfu ub{5 .
o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ / cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s !@ , @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf lj=;= @)!& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf gofF ;8s lgjf;L k|hftGqjfbL of]4f OZj/axfb'/ dNnsf] olx sflt{s ( ut] ^$ jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg x'g uPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ cToGt b'Mlvt agfPsf] 5 . pxfFFsf] lgwgaf6 g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ck'/0fLo Iflt k'Ug uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf k|hftGq k'g{:yfkgf / o;sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf pxfFn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /xL /xg]5 .
b'Mvsf] o; 38Ldf lbju+t cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/ tyf cfkmGthgx?df w}o{ wf/0f ug{ ;Sg] zlQm k|fKt xf]; eGg] sfdgfsf ;fy g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

nf]slk|o dfl;ssf ;Dkfbs, g]kfn t?0f bn sf7df8f}+sf ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ljefu ;b:o k|]d nfdfnfO{ sflt{s ( ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] hnkfg sfo{qmddf ;xeflu eO sf7df8f}+ lhNnf afn'jf uf=lj=;=df kg]{ cfkmGtsf] 3/df uPsf] ;dodf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgs6 of]Ë sDo'lgi6 lnu -jfOl;Pn_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] xftkft u/L ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6:y ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; /;'jf lhNnfsf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ af;' Kofs'/]nnfO{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnn] lhNnfdf k|j]z u/]df Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbPsf] 5 . To;} u/L g/gfy l;+v8fnfO{ Ps xKtf leq b'O{ nfv a'emfpg / z+s/ nfld5fg];Fu lt; xhf/ -#),)))_ lnO ;s]sf] / Ps xKtf leq c? lt; xhf/ glbP lghx?nfO{ ;d]t dfg]{ wDsL jfOl;Pnn] lbPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} hgf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ x'g .
dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6:y ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

?s'd lhNnf ljh]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g++ # lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ xl/k|;fb zdf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] k'gM ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . lgh zdf{nfO{ sflt{s ^ ut] ckx/0f u/L 5f]8]sf lyP .
jfOl;onaf6 ha/h:tL ul/Psf] o:tf] p~5[ªvn / cdfgjLo sfo{af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] u+eL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6 ;+u7gsf sfo{stf{x?sf] Jojxf/df s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf cdfgjLo tyf u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w, v]b / eT;{gf ub}{ ckx/0f ul/Psf xl/k|;fb zdf{nfO{ cljnDa ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ ;r]t u/fpF5 . ;fy}, zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; uf]/vf lhNnf tfGb|fª uf=lj=;=sf k"j{ cWoIf Pj+ If]qLo ;b:o n]vgfy vgfnfO{ @)^$ sflt{s ^ ut] /flt 3/ kms{b} ubf{ af6f]df jfOl;Pnsf uf=lj=;= ;lrj s[i0faxfb'/ kl/of/sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] xltof/ ;lxtsf hTyfn] s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . ljut s]xL lbg cl3 ljgf s'g} sf/0f anhkm\tL sfnf] df];f] bNg] sfd jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] lyof] .
dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6:y ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ ;f+;b Pj+ dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw xl/k|;fb rf}w/Lsf] lxhf] sflt{s * ut] b'Mvt lgwg ePsf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ bfªaf6 pkrf/ ug{ nfg] qmddf af6f]df g} pxfFsf] lgwg ePsf] xf] . %# jifL{o rf}w/L @)$*÷)%! ;fndf bfªaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglw ;efdf ljho x'g'ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;lqmo /xg' ePsf :j= rf}w/Ln] k|hftGq :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . :yfoL 3/ bfª lhNnf l;;xlgof uf=lj=;=kLk/L ufpF lgjf;L rf}w/Lsf] >LdtL, # 5f]/L / @ 5f]/f x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt ;'lzn sf]O/fnfn] cfh Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ eGg' ePsf] 5—
æg]kfnL sfFu|];sf k"j{ ;f+;b Pj+ dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw xl/k|;fb rf}w/Lsf] lgwgsf] va/n] dnfO{ b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . :j= rf}w/Ln] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df d xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .Æ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflQ{s &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; cf]vn9'+ufsf k"j{ lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;lrj Pj+ k"j{ uf=lj=;= cWoIf czf]s sfsL{ / pxfFsf bfh'x? /0faxfb'/ sfsL{, wgaxfb'/ sfsL{ / elhtf ;d]tnfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/L j]kQf kf/]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf cjflR5t sfo{n] ;dfhdf pR5[+vntf k|bz{g ub}{ czflGt dRrfpg] k|of; ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; o;sf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg u/L cfjZos sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s ^, @)^$
;fb/ cfdGq0f

g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;bf em} o; jif{ klg ljhof bzdL—@)^$ sf] pknIodf z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sflQ{s ( ut] z'qmaf/ k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ck/fGx @ b]lv $ ah];Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/df hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . @)## ;fndf dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnO{ :jb]z kms]{kl5 k|To]s jif{ sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf hnkfg ;df/f]x u/L z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j?k k|To]s jif{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . pQm lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ljb]zL /fhb"tfaf;sf dxfdlxd /fhb"tx?, ljb]zL s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|d'vx?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'vx?, gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmx? nufot k|fWofks, 8fS6/, sfg"g Joj;foL, lzIfs, OlGhlgo/, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, kqsf/, pBdL Jofkf/L, ljleGg k]zf tyf Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3÷;+:yf Pj+ JolQmTjx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} sf/0fjz lgdGq0ff k|fKt gePsf] ePdf s[kof o;} cg'/f]wnfO{ lgdGq0ff dfgL pkl:yt e}Olbg' x'g ;fb/ cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no

---

sflt{s ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

?s'd lhNnf ljh]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g++ # lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ xl/k|;fb zdf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] cfh ljxfg * ah] cfkm\g} 3/af6 ckx/0f u/L nu]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];s} ;lqmo sfo{stf{åo ljh]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g++ $ lgjf;L e'mk axfb'/ lu/Laf6 ?= #*,))).– -c7\lt; xhf/_ / sf]6hxf/L uf=lj=;= of jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] ha/h:tL nu]sf 5g\ . jfOl;onaf6 ha/h:tL ul/Psf] o:tf] p~5[ªvn / cdfgjLo sfo{af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] u+eL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6 ;+u7gsf sfo{stf{x?sf] Jojxf/df s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf cdfgjLo tyf u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w, v]b / eT;{gf ub}{ ckx/0f ul/Psfsf] cljnDa ;s'zn l/xfO{ / ha/h:tL rGbf nluPsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug{ dfcf]jfbL Pj+ dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7gnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 . o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6td ;+u7gnfO{ r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ;+rfng u/L zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

sflt{s $, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fO{ gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu hgcfGbf]ngsf kIfw/ ;a} zlQmx? ljr ePsf ;xdlt cg';f/ ;a} k|ltj4 /xg' kb{5 .
ljhofbzdL–@)^$n] cfk;L ldqtf / ljZjf;sf] clej[l4 ug{df k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy o; cj;/df d :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf /xg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL / lxGb' wdf{jnDaL bfh'–efO{ tyf lbbL–alxgLx?df ;'v, ;+d[l4 / ;kmntf nflu xflb{s z'e–sfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
ho g]kfn Û
=========================
-z]/axfb'/ b]pjf_
k"j{ k|wfgdGqL

---

sflt{s $, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
g]kfnLx?sf] dxfg kj{ ljhofbzdL–@)^$ sf] cj;/df :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf /xg' ePsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL tyf lxGb' wdf{jnDaL bfh'–efO{, tyf
lbbL–alxgLx?df ;j{k|yd ;'Mv, ;d[l4 Pj+ ;kmntfsf nflu xflb{s z'e–sfdgf
JoQm ub{5' .
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# sf] ;kmntf kZrft\ hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf adf]lhd zflGt :yfkgf u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ /fli6«o cleofgdf hgcfGbf]ngsf kIfw/ ;a} zlQmx? OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cu|;/ /xg' k/]sf] 5 . ;a} ju{, wd{, hft–hflt, ;+Dk|bfox?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ckl/xfo{ / Ps dfq ljsNk /x]sf] 5 . zflGt :yfkgf, ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg tyf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ /fli6«o cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg'df lhDd]jf/ ;a} kIfx? cf–cfkm\gf k|ltj4tfk|lt OdfGbf/ /xg' kb{5 . o;y{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf / hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ o; /fli6«o cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg lqmofzLn /xg d ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5' .
cGTodf, nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf / cfb{z cg'?k cfk;L ;dembf/L, ljZjf; / ;xof]usf] clej[l4 u/L /fi6«sf ;fd' pkl:yt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ljhofbzdL @)^$ n] ;a}nfO{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; ;d]t JoQm ub{5' .
ho g]kfn Û
========================
-;'zLn sf]O/fnf_
sf=jf=;efklt

---

sflt{s !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljwfg, @)!& -@)%!, @)%$, @)%& / @)^@ df ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g u/L ldnfOPsf] ¿kdf_ sf] wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sf=jf ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{sf] ;xdxfdGqL kbdf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o >L ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=nfO{ cfh dgf]gog u/L pxfFnfO{ kf6L{ k|jQmfsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t lbg' ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL hg;+3if{sf Ps cys of]4f clg?4 zdf{sf] cfh ljxfg & ah] lrtjgdf lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut s]xL ;dob]lv lj/fdL x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !(*@ df ePsf] lyof] . @))^ ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;+nUg eP/ kf6L{åf/f ;+rflnt x/]s cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ?kn] ;xefuL x'Fb} cfpg' ePsf zdf{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF @)!% sf] cfdlgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/ eO{ ljho x'g'ePsf Ko"7fg lhNnf ljh'jf/ uf=lj=;=:yfoL 3/ ePsf zdf{sf b'O{ >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; zdf{sf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy}, pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; dxf]Q/L– @ sf ;f+;b /fdrGb| ltjf/Lsf *& aifL{o lktf /fd >]i7 ltjf/Lsf] @)^$ c;f]h @( ut] ;fFem % ah] aL=kL=sf]O/fnf d]df]l/on c:ktfn w/fgdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf u/fpFb} lgwg ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] a|]g x]d/]h ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;f+;b /fdrGb| ltjf/LnfO{ lkt[zf]s k/]sf] o; 38Ldf pxfF / pxfFsf kl/jf/df kf6L{ ulx/f] ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;bf em} o; jif{ klg ljhof bzdL—@)^$ sf] pknIodf z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sflQ{s ( ut] z'qmaf/ k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ck/fGx @ b]lv $ ah];Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}Fdf hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . @)## ;fndf dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnO{ :jb]z kms]{kl5 k|To]s jif{ sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf hnkfg ;df/f]x u/L z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j?k k|To]s jif{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . pQm lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ljb]zL /fhb"tfaf;sf dxfdlxd /fhb"tx?, ljb]zL s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|d'vx?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'vx?, gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmx? nufot dfgj clwsf/sdL{, k|fWofks, 8fS6/, sfg"g Joj;foL, lzIfs, OlGhlgo/, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, kqsf/, pBdL Jofkf/L, ljleGg k]zf tyf Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmTjx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 lgdGq0ff k7fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];, eft[ tyf z'e]R5's ;+3 ;+:yfsf ;a} tx / tKsfsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:yltsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;fb/ cfdGq0f ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

vf]6fª lhNnf lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{ b"of]{wg u'?ªsf] s]xL lbg klxn] ePsf] lgwgk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . pxfF SofG;/ /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGt sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @&, @)^$
z'e–sfdgf
O:nfd wdf{jnDjLx¿sf] kljq kj{— Ob–pn–lkmq jf O{bsf] of] ;'vb pknIodf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 ;Dk"0f{ O:nfd wdf{jnDjL bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–a}gLx¿df ;'v, zflGt / ;Dj[l4sf] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf cyf{t Ob d'jf/s JoQm ub{5' .
g]kfn ljleGg wd{, ljleGg ;+:s[lt tyf ljleGg /Lltl/jfh ePsf] d'n's xf] . ;a}n] ;a} wd{nfO{ ;Ddfg / cfb/ ug]{ k/Dk/f g]kfnsf] k|frLg sfnb]lvsf] cfˆg} ljlzi6 k/Dk/f xf] . To;}n] g]kfndf dgfOg] ;a} rf8–kj{x¿ kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tfsf w/f]x/ x'g\ . s'g} klg wd{sf] d'ne"t p2]Zo— k|f0fL dfqsf] lxt Pj+ ;dfhdf zflGt / ;b\efj sfod ug'{ xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} ;a} hft–hflt / wd{sf] cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ul/g' x'Gg / 5'jf5't h:tf k|yfnfO{ ;dfhaf6 lgd'{n u/]/— g]kfndf /xg] xfdL ;a} g]kfnL xf}F eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;a}sf] wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf] ;dfg ?kn] ;Ddfg / cfb/ ub{5 .
O{bsf] of] kljq cj;/df ;a}n] zflGt / dfgj dfqsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ /Iffsf] sfdgf u/f}F . cfhsf] of] ;'vb pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ O:nfd wdf{jnDjLx¿ ;a}df oxL g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] xflb{s z'e–sfdgf Û
;'zLn sf]O/fnf
sfo{jfxs ;efklt

---

c;f]h @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
;ft bn dWo]s} Ps k|d'v 36s g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ n] zflGt ;Demf}tf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k"j{ ;xdlt e};s]sf ljifo / efjgf ljkl/t k6s–k6s gofF zt{ k|:t't ub}{ b]zdf czflGt / eosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]h]sf 36\gfx? otf s]xL lbgb]lv /fhwfgL nufot b]zsf ljleGg efudf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o;} qmddf b]zsf ljleGg efudf lzIfs, /fhgLltssdL{, kqsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f, rGbf c;'nL / xTof h:tf cdfgjLo / g[z+z xTofsf08x? bf]xf]l//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL ;do otfb]lv ;+rf/ If]qsf] :jtGqtf dfly 7f8f] k|xf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . kqsf/ aL/]Gb| zfx nufotsf kqsf/x?sf] ckx/0f o;}sf] l;nl;nfdf 3l6t 36\gfsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ / To; kf6L{;Fu ;Da4 ;+u7gn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo txb]lv lhNnf, gu/ tyf ufpF tx;Ddsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x? Pj+ cGo /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:ox?, lzIfs tyf /fi6« ;]jsx? / cGo sltko gful/sx?sf lj?4 slyt …sfnf] ;"rLÚ k|sflzt ub}{ hgsf/jfxL ug]{ gfpFdf zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s si6 k'¥ofpg] / pgLx?nfO{ ckdflgt ug]{ sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf sf/0f lj:yflkt ePsf kl/jf/x? cfkm\gf] 3/df kmsL{ ;'/lIft ;fy a:g, 3/ hUuf, >L;DklQ ef]urng ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ce}m ;[hgf ePsf] 5}g . 7fpF–7fpFdf lhNnfdf k|j]z ug{ lgif]w ug]{, sfnf]df];f] bNg], xftv'§f efFRg] nufotsf lx+;fTds 36\gfx? cem} 3l6/x]sf 5g . dfcf]jfbLsf] of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf, lgGbf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lx+;fTds / zflGt ;'Joj:yf vnalng] lqmofsnfk k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb5 .
ljBfnodf cWoog/t caf]w afn–aflnsf, kqsf/ nufot cGo JolQmsf] ckx/0f, g[z+; xTof, d'n'sdf a9\bf] ck/flws/0f dfly lgoGq0f u/L zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt cfd hgtfdf k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;bf em} o; jif{ klg ljhof bzdL—@)^$ sf] pknIodf z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf sflQ{s ( ut] z'qmaf/ k"l0f{dfsf] lbg ck/fGx @ b]lv $ ah];Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/df hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . @)## ;fndf dxfdfgj aL=kL= sf]O/fnf /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnO{ :jb]z kms]{kl5 k|To]s jif{ sf]hfu|t k"l0f{dfsf] lbgdf hnkfg ;df/f]x u/L z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j?k k|To]s jif{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] hnkfg ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . pQm lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ljb]zL /fhb"tfaf;sf dxfdlxd /fhb"tx?, ljb]zL s"6gLlts lgof]usf k|d'vx?, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'vx?, gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmx? nufot k|fWofks, 8fS6/, sfg"g Joj;foL, lzIfs, OlGhlgo/, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, kqsf/, pBdL Jofkf/L, ljleGg k]zf tyf Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmTjx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];, eft[ tyf z'e]R5's ;+3 ;+:yfsf ;a} tx / tKsfsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:yltsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;fb/ cfdGq0f u/]sf] 5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; emfkfsf blw/fd r'8fnsf] lxhf] c;f]h @@ ut] d+unaf/ /flt !) ah] sf7df8f}Fdf lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] hGd lj=;+= !(*& kf}if !@ ut] ePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsfnb]lv cgj/t ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];df cfj4 eO{ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g' ePsf :j= r'8fn k|ltjlGwt cj:yfdf d]rL–sf]zL c~rn If]qLo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF @)$@ df b'O{ dlxgf h]n / @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf @ dlxgf h]n hLjg Joltt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfF e"ldut cj:yfdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt emfkfsf] ;b:o ;d]t /xg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] $ 5f]/fx? / ^ hgf 5f]/Lx? x'g'x'G5 . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfn] pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/df kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] cfh} kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ eof]] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-@_ @)^$ c;f]h @) ut] emfkfsf] s]/vf ahf/df k|x/Lsf] uf]nL nflu d[To' ePsf >L /fhs'df/ cfª\bDj]k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ pxfFsf kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} xTofdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xLsf nflu ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 / ;DalGwt kIfaf6 ;+odtf ckgfpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
emfkf lhNnf nvgk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf k"0ff{gGb zdf{sf] 3/df /fli6«o lnDj'jfg d~r eGg] tyfslyt pR5[ª\vn JolQmx?sf] ;d"xn] xdnf u/L pxfFsf 5f]/f ljgf]b bfxfnnfO{ s'6lk6 ug'{sf ;fy} pxfF;Fu /x]sf] ?= b'O{ xhf/ ;d]t n'l6 nu]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] 3/df /x]sf] ;fOsn klg tf]8kmf]8 ul/lbPsf 5g\ .
h'g;'s} ;d"x jf JolQmx?af6 ePsf] o:tf] pR5[ª\vn lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} ;dfhdf o:tf lsl;dsf cjf+l5t ultljlw ;+rfng u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vnanfpg] JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s @)^$ c;f]h @! ut] ;f]daf/sf lbg ck/fGX 7Ls @M)) ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df a:b}5 . pQm a}7sdf pkl:yt x'g s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?nfO{ lgb]{zfg';f/ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .
===========================
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

@)^$÷^÷!*
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ ;fn d+l;/ ^ ut]sf] lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;/sf/ Pj+ lgjf{rg cfof]usf tkm{af6 ;Dk"0f{ tof/L e}O;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgjf{rg /f]lsg'nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mvb Pj+ b'ef{Uok"0f{ 36gf 7fGb5 . o;n] ubf{ ljgf zt{ lgwf{l/t ;do / sfo{qmd cg';f/ lgjf{rgdf hfg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lg0f{o Pj+ k|lta4tfdf cf3ft k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lxhf] ePsf] ;ft bnsf] a}7sdf clGtd cj:yf;Dd k"j{lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} lgjf{rgdf ;xeflu x'g Pj+ ;DkGg u/fpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ nufot ;a} bnx?nfO{ cfu|x ug'{ePsf] xf] . t/ lgjf{rgsf] k"j{ ;GWofdf cfP/ ljutsf] ;xdlt Pj+ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ljkl/t g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] /fv]sf gofF zt{ Pj+ c8fgsf sf/0f lgwf{l/t ;dodf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] c;xh Pj+ ck|Toflzt kl/l:ylt ;[hgf x'g k'Uof] . ljBdfg ;+j]bgzLn /fhg}lts cj:yfdf zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ cuf8L a9fpg ;ft bn aLrsf] PstfnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg' kg]{ ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lgjf{rg ;fg'{ kg]{ o; kl/l:yltnfO{ afWotfa; :jLsf/ ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ljjz ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf 9+un] ;DkGg u/fpg' lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ tof/Lx?sf] xfdL k|z+;f u5f}F{ / lgjf{rgsf] ko{j]If0f Pj+ cg'udgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] b]vfPsf] ;xof]u Pj+ pT;fxsf] klg ;/fxgf ub{5f}+ .
o; kl/l:yltsf] lgsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df lgjf{rgsf] gofF ldlt cljnDa tf]lsg' kb{5 . lgjf{rgnfO{ ljyf]Ng] vfnsf ultljlw s'g} jxfgfdf s'g} klg kIfaf6 l;h{gf ul/g' x'Gg eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] b[9 wf/0ff 5 . ;fy} lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfh{g u/]sf] ljZj;gLotf Pj+ cGt{/fli6«o ;xof]u / ;b\efj gofF ldltdf x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu ;d]t hf/L /xg] 5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ .
-;'zLn sf]O/fnf_
sfo{jfxs ;efklt

---

c;f]h !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+:yf j]kQf gful/s ;dfh, uf]/vfn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lr/~hLjL jfUn], lhNnf ;lrj O{Zj/L kf08], dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw Pj+ lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o df]xg kf]v/]n, s[i0f kf]v/]n nufotsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] gfd pNn]v ub}{ dfcf]jfbLsf JolQmnfO{ j]kQf kfg{ ;xof]u u/]sf] cf/f]k nufO{ gfdfjnL k|sflzt u/]sf] 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ;+3if{/t g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] gfd} ls6fg u/L pxfFx?nfO{ jb\gfd ug{ / pxfFx?sf] /fhgLlts rl/q xTof ug{ vf]lhPsf]
5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgaf6 ctflnPsf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6td ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfk / ultljlwn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{sf] t]hf]jw ug]{ h'g k|of; u/]sf 5g\ Tof] lgtfGt e|fds / sfo/tfk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;r]t / ;hu x'g ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfodf g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . dfcf]jfbL / p;sf] eft[ ;+:yf Pj+ lgs6td ;+:yfx?af6 ePsf] o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dfcf]jfbLsf] eft[ ;+:yf of]Ë sDo'lgi6 lnu, g]kfn l;/xf lhNnfn] bz jif]{ hgo'4 / zfxLsfndf hgtfdfly bdg, xTof / cft+s l;h{gf u/]sf / u/fOPsf ;dfhsf e|i6, g}ltslxg / ck/fwL b/jfl/of JolQmx?sf] hgtfaf6 cfPsf gfdfjnLsf] xjnf lb+b} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L, dxf;ldlt ;b:ox¿— g/]z ofbj -lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf] ;x;lrj_, j]rg ofbj, sfz]Gb| d/j}tf / s'n]Zj/ ofbj, dxflwj]zg k|ltlglwx?— /fhnfn ofbj / sf}zn d08n -gkfn ls;fg ;+3 lhNnf ;efklt_, g]=sf+= lhNnf ;b:o gfu]Zj/ e'/]/ / /hfs /fOg, OsfO{ ;efklt wlgsnfn ofbj, g]kfn lzIfs ;+3sf lhNnf cWoIf u+uf/fd ofbj, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ sGx}of u'Ktf, /fdj[If ;fx ;'gf/, /fhf ofbj nufotsf JolQmx?sf] gfd ab\gfd ug]{ if8oGq ul/Psf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ;+3if{/t kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L nufot g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] gfd d'5]/ pxfFx?nfO{ jb\gfd ug{ / pxfFx?sf] /fhgLlts rl/q xTof ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL / p;sf] eft[ ;+:yfx?af6 ePsf] o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] xfn} ePsf] PsLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] ;dfof]hg ubf{ æh]i7tf, lg/Gt/tf ;+3if{zLntf / cfGbf]ngdf ;xeflutfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;dfof]hg ul/Psf]Æ eGg] jfSon] s]xL e|d l;h{gf x'g uPsf] x'Fbf kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] tk{maf6 of] :ki6Ls/0f k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf ;dfof]hgdf ;efklt g/xg' ePsf ;fyLx?sf] h]i7tf, lg/Gt/tf, ;+3if{zLntf / cfGbf]ngdf ;xeflutf k|lt s'g} k|Zg lrGx p7\g g;Sg] / p7fpg] dg;fo klg gePsf] sfo{bnsf tk{maf6 :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 / cfb/0fLo ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"af6 ;d]t kf6L{sf] Pstf ubf{ pQm cfwf/df ge} d'n'ssf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yf / kf6L{sf] j[xQ/ lxtnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ul/Psf] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{ ePsf] ;d]t ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}+ / o;af6 ;fyLx?sf dgdf kg{ uPsf] kL8f k|lt kf6L{ b'Mv k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+:yf of]Ë sDo'lgi6 lnu, g]kfn l;/xf lhNnfn] bz jif]{ hgo'4 / zfxLsfndf hgtfdfly bdg, xTof / cft+s l;h{gf u/]sf / u/fOPsf ;dfhsf e|i6, g}ltslxg / ck/fwL b/jfl/of JolQmx?sf] hgtfaf6 cfPsf gfdfjnLsf] xjnf lb+b} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L nufotsf JolQmx?sf] gfd ab\gfd ug]{ if8oGq ul/Psf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ;+3if{/t kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/Lsf] gfd d'5]/ pxfFnfO{ jb\gfd ug{ / pxfFsf] /fhgLlts rl/q xTof ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL / p;sf] lgs6td ;+:yfx?af6 ePsf] o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; x'Dnf lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;x;lrj Kof/]nfn zfxLsL >LdtL s]z/L zfxLnfO{ 3/df al;/x]sf] a]nf aflx/ af]nfP/ ck|TofzLn ?kdf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;'zLn nufotsf hTyfn] s'6lk6 u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . clxn] pxfFsf] :yfgLo c:ktfndf :jf:yf]krf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf] o:tf] cdfgjLo / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o:tf 36\gf 36fO{ zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] h'g;'s} tTj jf ;d"xnfO{ ;/sf/n] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 . ;fy} >LdtL s]z/L zfxLsf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
dfcf]jfbL ;Dj4 dhb"/n] sflGtk'/ / bL sf7df8f}F kf]i6 b}lgssf k|sfzgdf cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . :jtGq kqsfl/tfdf slx, st}af6 s;}n] klg jfwf pTkGg u/fpg] sfo{ cToGt lgGbgLo xf] . o:tf] sfo{n] nfvf}F kf7ssf] ;";"lrt x'g] xsdfly 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 . sflGtk'/ klAns]zgdf 3]/faGbL, x"nx'Hht tyf hah{:tL ug]{, kqklqsf k|sfzg, ljt/0f tyf lj1fkg k|sfzgdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ h:tf sfo{ gug{ dfcf]jfbL ;Dj4 ;a} kIf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] /fhg}lts bn ;+o'Qm ePsf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf] kq cfh lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ u/]sf] 5 M—

æ>L lgjf{rg cfof]u
jxfb'/ ejg, sf7df8f}F .

ljifo M /fhg}lts bn ;+o'Qm ePsf] ;DjGwdf .

lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g @)^# sf] bkmf @@-!_ cGtu{t lgDgfg';f/ lgj]bg ub{5f} .

!_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu ldlt @)^#.!@.!^ df k|sflzt ;"rgfg';f/ To; cfof]ujf6 g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] 5'§f5'§} /fhg}lts bnsf] ?kdf lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !( cGtu{t btf{ ePsf] lyof] .
@_ jt{dfg cj:yfdf d'n'ssf] ljleGg nf]stflGqs zlQmsf] aLr Pstf ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] tYonfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] efjgfg'?k g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf aLr PsLs/0f ug]{ cyf{t ;o'Qm jgfpg] s'/fdf ;xdlt eO{ PsLs/0fsf] 3f]if0ffdf x:tfIf/ eO{ ldlt @)^$.^.* df ;DkGg ePsf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf dxf;ldltsf] ;b:ox?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] ;o'Qm j}7sdf pQm 3f]if0ffkq k|:t't eO{ cg'df]bg ;d]t ePsf] 5 . pQm PsLs/0f 3f]if0ffkq o;} ;fy ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 .
#_ pQm PsLs/0f 3f]if0ffkqsf] bkmf @ df PsLs[t kf6L{sf] gfd g]kfnL sf+u|]; /xg] / o;sf] em08f rf/tf/] em08f / r'gfj lrGx æ¿vÆ x'g] s'/fdf ;xdlt ePsf] 5 .
$_ o;}u/L kf6L{ PsLs/0f ePkl5 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;+Vof &( sfod ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . PsLs/0f k"j{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df /x]sf #& / g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ df /x]sf @& s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? u/L ^$ hgf PsLs/0f ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:odf sfod /xg]5g\ . l/Qm !% ;b:osf] gfdfjnL kl5 k]z ul/g]5 . PsLs/0f ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf kbflwsf/L lgDg adf]lhd /xg]5g\ M
!= >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf — ;efklt
@= >L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ — ;+:yfks g]tf
#= >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf — g]tf
$= >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf — sfo{jfxs ;efklt
%= >L /fdrGb| kf}8]n — pk;efklt
^= >L uf]kfndfg >]i7 — pk;efklt
&= >L k|sfzdfg l;+x — pk;efklt
*= >L s'naxfb'/ u'?ª — dxfdGqL
(= >L ljdn]Gb| lglw — dxfdGqL
!)= 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj — dxfdGqL
%_ lgjf{rg cfof]udf PsLs/0f kZrft pDd]bjf/sf] cflwsfl/s gfd k7fpg] k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 b:tvt ug]{ JolQm ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g' x'g]5 .
ctPj+ pko'{Qmfg';f/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ ;+o'Qm eO{ PsLs[t ul/Psf] xF'bf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] btf{ sfod u/L g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] btf{nfO{ /2 u/L kfpg ;fb/ lgj]bg ub{5f}F . o;}u/L kf6L{ PsLs/0f ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljwfg, @)!& df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldltsf] @)^$ ;fn c;f]h ^—( df a;]sf] a}7saf6 kfl/t ePsf] s]xL ;+zf]wg ;d]t To; cfof]usf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu o;} ;fy ;+nUg ul/Psf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 .
;+nUg
!= kf6L{ PsLs/0fsf] ;xdlt kqsf] kmf]6f]skL .
@= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] gfdfjnL .
#= ljwfg ;+zf]wg .

-z]/axfb'/ b]pjf_ -lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf_

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljwfg, @)!& -;do ;dodf ePsf] ;+zf]wgx?sf]_ ;d]tdf ul/Psf s]xL ;+zf]wgx¿ M
k|:tfjgf

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ljwfg @)!& sf] k|:tfjgfsf] clGtd Kof/fu|fkmsf] ;§f b]xfojdf]lhdsf] Kof/fu|fkm /fVg]
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cf7f} dxflwj]zg @)$* n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L kf]v/fdf ;DkGg dxf;ldltsf] j}7sn] -@)%! ;fn kmfu'g @# sf lbg kfl/t u/]sf] ;+zf]lwt ljwfgnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] gjf}+ dxflwj]zg @)%# n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfnu+hdf j;]sf] dxf;ldltsf] j}7sn] @)%$ sflt{s & ut]_ sf lbg ;+zf]lwt ljwfg kfl/t u/]sf] / To;kl5 kf]v/fdf ;DkGg bzf} dxflwj]zg_ @)%& df3 & jf6 t];|f] ;+zf]wg u/]sf] To;kl5 g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ b'a} jf6 ;do ;dodf ePsf ;+zf]wgx? ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] :yfkgfsfn b]lv nf]stGqsf] nflu cgj/t ;+3if{ u/]sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ sf+u|];k|lt cf:yf /fVg] tdfd g]kfnL hgtfn] b'a} kf6L{sf] Pstf x'g'kg]{ elg JoQm u/]sf] efjgf ;d]tnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf Pj+ ax'bnLo ;+;bLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ k|ltj4tf ;lxt ldlt @)^$.^.& ePsf] k|ltj4tf adf]lhd ldlt @)^$÷^÷* df g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] jLr ePsf] PsLs/0f 3f]if0ffkqdf cleJoQm ePsf] efjgfg'?k PsLs/0f ePsf] g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ pB]Zojf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ljwfg @)!& df ;+zf]wg u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 .

p2]Zo
/fli6«o, k|hftGq, ;dfhjfbsf] cfbz{ Pj+ l;4fGt cg'?k ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo ;+;bLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf :yflkt ub}{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L ;dfj]zL k|hftGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ g]kfndf Gofok"0f{ / ultzLn ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug'{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] p2]Zo x'g]5 .

wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;§f b]xfosf] pkwf/f -!_ /fVg] / To;kl5 lgDg pkwf/f -@_ /fVg] / xfn ljBfdfg pk3f/f -@_ / -#_ nfO{ pkwf/f -$_ sfod ug]{

wf/f !*= s]GbLo sfo{;ldltsf] u7g M !_ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] sfo{ ;+rfngsf nflu Pp6f sGb|Lo ;ldlt /xg]5 .
@_ s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltdf lgjf{lrt s]Gb|Lo ;efklt ;lxt ;d]t &( hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ .
#_ s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slDtdf %) k|ltzt ;b:ox?df !) jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ;b:o ePsf] lgjf{lrt dxf;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 dxflwj]zg ;b:ox?åf/f lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ .
wf/f @% sf] ;§f b]xfojdf]lhdsf] wf/f @% /fVg] M
@% s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;ldltsf] u7g M s]Gb|Lo ;efkltsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;dltsf] u7g x'g]5 .
wf/f @& sf] ;§f b]xfojdf]lhdsf] pkwf/f # /fVg] M
#_ ;+;bLo ;ldltdf P3f/ hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ .

wf/f @( sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;§f b]xfojdf]lhdsf] pkwf/f -!_ /fVg] M
!_ kf6L{sf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfng u/fpg / cg'zf;g sfod /fVg Pp6f s]Gb|Lo cg'zf;g ;ldlt /xg]5 .
wf/f $# sf] ;§f lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf /fVg]
wf/f $# M ;+s|d0fsfnLg Joj:yf M–
!_ ldlt @)^$.^.* df g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u]|; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] aLr ePsf] PsLs/0f 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePsf Joj:yfx? o; ljwfgsf] cleGg c+u x'g]5g\ . ;fy} ljwfgsf Joj:yfx? 3f]if0ff kq ;+u jflemPsf] xb;Dd 3f]if0ffkqsf] Joj:yf g} sfod /xg]5 . t/, xfnnfO{ pQm PsLs/0fsf] 3f]if0ffkq adf]lhd b'a} kf6L{sf dxflwj]zg, dxf;ldlt nufotsf lgsfox?nfO{ ;dfof]lht ul/Psf] eP tfklg afx«f}F dxflwj]zgsf] ;dodf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ;DaGwdf eg] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;+Vofdf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox?n] dxflwj]zg / dxf;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ug]{5 . o;} u/L, ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] ;DaGwdf klg s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L nfu" u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@_ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfufdL dxflwj]zg geP;Dd of] ljwfg sfod /xg]5 .

wf/f $$ sf] zLif{sdf /x]sf] æjrfpÆ eGg] zJbsf] ;§f vf/]hL / jrfp eGg] zJbx? /fVg] / b]xfo jdf]lhd pkwf/f -#_ yk ug]{ M

ldlt @)^$.^.* df g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] jLr ;DkGg ePsf] PsLs/0f 3f]if0ffkq cg'?k g]kfnL sfu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf] ljwfg / ;f] kf6L{sf] lgodfjnL ;d]t vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .Æ

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldlt a}7s -@)^$ c;f]h ^—( df kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, aL=kL= gu/, ;fg]kf_ df /fdrGb| kf}8]nn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] d'Vo /fhgLlts k|:tfj / rqmk|;fb afF:tf]nfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 3f]if0ffkq s]xL ;+zf]wg ;fy ;j{;Ddt kfl/t eof] . To;}u/L dxfdGqL ljdn]Gb| lglwn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|:tfj ;j{;Ddltn] kfl/t eof] . kfl/t cGt/f{li6«o k|:tfj o; k|sf/ 5 M
!= ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv jdf{ Dofgdf/df ;}lgs zf;g sfod 5 / ToxfF nf]stflGqs kl/kf6Lsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x? ckxl/t ePsf 5g\ .
s]xL jif{ klxn] ToxfF cfd r'gfj eof] . cfª ;fª ;'sLsf] kf6L{— æg]zgn nLu km/ 8]df]q]m;LÆ n] cTolws ax'dt k|fKt u¥of] . t/ ToxfFsf] ;}lgs zf;gn] æg]zgn nLu km/ 8]df]q]m;LÆ nfO{ ;Qf ;/+rgfsf] lhDdf lbg' kg]{df To;sf] g]tf cfª ;fª ;'sLnfO{ gh/jGb u/]/ /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/ / nf]stGqsf] ofjt dfGox?sf] s'7f/f3ft ePsf] 5 . o;sf] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] klxn]b]lv g} lgGbf ub}{, ;'sLsf] l/xfOsf] dfu ub}{ cfPsf] xf] .
cfh jdf{df af}4 leIf' nufot ToxfFsf hgtfn] ;'sLsf] l/xfO / nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfsf] dfu /fv]/ cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldltsf] of] j}7s jdf{sf] of] cfGbf]ngsf] xflb{s ;dy{g ub{5 / jdf{df cljnDa lg/+s'z zf;gsf] cGTo u/]/ nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf xf];\ eGb}, nfdf] ;dob]lv gh/jGbdf /flvPsL g]t[ cfª ;fª ;'sLsf] cljnDa l/xfOsf] hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
@= e'6fgaf6 ank"j{s lj:yflkt ul/Psf e'6fgL gful/sx? 7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfndf cfP/ z/0ffyL{ eP/ a;]sf 5g\ . e'6fgdf ePsf] cGofo cTofrf/x? t'?Gt aGb ul/o'g / g]kfndf /x]sf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ ;;Ddfg :jb]z kms{g] kl/l:ylt cljnDa lgdf{0f ul/of];\ eGg]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] of] a}7s cfkm\gf] dt hfx]/ ub{5 .
#= ldq /fi6« kfls:tfg / a+unfb]zdf nf]stGq / dfgj clwsf/sf] zL3| axfnL xf];\ / tL b]zsf] ljBdfg /fhgLlts ;+s6n] rfF8f] lgsf; k|fKt u/f];\ eGg] of] a}7s cfzf / ljZjf; JoQm ub{5 .
kf6L{sf ;+:yfks g]tf >L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{Ho"n] kf6L{ ;efkltnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L dxf;ldltnfO{ ca pk|fGt kf6L{;Fu cfˆgf] s'g} vfnsf] klg ;DaGw jf ;Dks{ g/xg] / ;fyLx?;Fu ef/L dg lnP/ ;b}jsf nflu ljbf lng] egL kq k7fpg' ePsf] ;DaGwdf dxf;ldltsf] a}7sn] ;+:yfks g]tf >L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{nfO{ kf6Ldf /lx/xg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ;j{;Ddt ?kdf u/]sf] 5 .
a}7sdf dxfdGqL k|ltj]bg s]=aL= u'?ªn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . rf/ lbg;Dd rn]sf] a}7sdf ljleGg lhNnfsf dxf;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] cf–cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk;sf cWoIf k/d]Zj/ vgfnnfO{ cfh ;fFem ^ ah] jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] lrtjgsf] e/tk'/df v's'/L k|xf/ u/L 6fpFsf] / 9fF8df ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . clxn] pxfFsf] e/tk'/ d]l8sn c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] cj:yf lrGtfhgs /x]sf] 5 .
jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] of] cdfgjLo / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} pxfFsf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f]h %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldltsf] a}7s c;f]h ^ / & ut] aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, aL=kL= gu/ ;fg]kfdf a:b}5 . ef]ln c;f]h ^ ut] lbpF;f] @ ah] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"af6 ;d'b\3f6g x'g]5 . a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g b]zel/af6 dxf;ldlt ;b:ox? sf7df8f}F cfO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . dxf;ldlt ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL btf{ ef]ln laxfg & ah]b]lv lbpF;f] ! ah];Dd kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] k|fË0fdf x'g]5 .
dxf;ldltsf] a}7sdf b]zel/af6 ^!% hgfsf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 . To;}u/L g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt ef/taf6 # hgf / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 dgf]lgt dxf;ldltsf !) hgf ;b:ox? ;d]t u/L s"n ^@* hgfsf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; slknj:t' lhNnfsf k"j{ dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw Pj+ k"j{ If]qLo ;efklt cAb'n df]Ob vfFsf] cfh laxfg * ah] ;z:q xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] xTof u/]sf 5g\ . pxfF ^! jif{sf] x'g' x'GYof] . lzjk'/ uf=lj=;= cGtu{t jfnfk'/df cfˆgf] hUuf x]g{ hfg] qmddf xltof/wf/Lx?n] pxfFsf] xTof u/]sf x'g\ . pxfFsL >LdtL, @ 5f]/f x'g'x'G5 .
o:tf] 3[l0ft / cdfgjLo ?kdf ePsf] xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
d[ts vfF sf] xTofdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'MvLt ePsf] 5 . ;fy} d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} xTofsf bf]ifLx?sf] vf]hL u/L pgLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / cfd hgtfdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
;fy} pSt 36\gfsf] ljifonfO{ lnO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b+uf x'g glbg klg ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

a}t8L lhNnfsf] s'jfsf]6 uf=lj=;= sf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g k|s[of cufl8 al9/x]sf] a]nf g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{ cSsn s'Fj/ -c6n_, g/]Gb| hfu/L -cws_ sf] g]t[Tjdf jfOl;Pnsf #)÷#% hgfsf] hTyfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf pDd]bjf/ /x]sf nId0f s'Fj/, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?— aL/axfb'/ s'Fj/, wgaxfb'/, b]j af]x/f, k|]d af]x/f, gjLg s'Fj/ / uh]Gb| s'Fj/, g]lj;+3 OsfO{ pk;efklt 8Da/ s'Fj/, jL/]Gb| s'Fj/, bnaxfb'/ s'Fj/nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ .
kLl8t kIfw/n] Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no xf6df ph'/L btf{ ubf{ O=k|=sf=af6 36gf :yndf k|x/L hfFbf k|x/Ls} ;fd'Gg] jL/]Gb| s'Fj/, gjLg s'Fj/, bnaxfb'/ s'Fj/nfO{ s'6lk6 ubf{ k|x/Lx? d'sbz{s dfq /x]sf lyP .
dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf] eft[ ;+:yf jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

blIf0f sf]/Lofsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf dfl/Psf tyf 3fOt] ePsfx?sf] ;Demgfdf :yflkt d] !* kmfp08];g -May 18 Foundation) sf] ;+of]hsTjdf #) ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?— >L nId0fk|;fb l3ld/], >L ljgoWjh rGb / >L ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L;Fu kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lxhf] e]6 u¥of] . pSt k|ltlglw d08nsf] g]t[Tj ;f] ;+:yfsf 8]k'6L 8fO/]S6/ Khim Nan Soo n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
k|ltlglw d08nn] g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] l:ylt, zflGt k|lqmof, cf;Gg ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t p7fOg] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;jfn cflb ljifodf hfgsf/L lnPsf lyP .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;Nofg lhNnfsf dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ /fHodGqL /fh]Gb|axfb'/ zfxsf lktf If]qaxfb'/ zfxsf] *@ jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] efb| @# ut] lgwg eof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; If]qaxfb'/ zfxsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ /fHodGqL /fh]Gb|axfb'/ zfx nufot ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt /f]Nkfn] lhNnfleqsf cfdhg;d'bfodf ;+ljwfg;efsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFg] p2]Zon] r'gfj k|rf/ cleofg ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf @)^$ efb| !* ut] xf]n]/Lsf] sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLsf] eft[ ;+u7g jfOl;Pnn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; d"bf{jfb eGb} ufnL unf}h zAb k|of]u u/L gf/f h'n'; u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] em08f RofltlbPsf 5g\ . ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{n] /fhtGq af/] :ki6 gkf/] ufpF k:g glbg] wDsL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .

ufpF 3'Dg] qmddf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdfly dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf s]xL 36\gfsf pbfx/0f
-!_ @)^$÷%÷! ut] M cf]t uf=lj=;=sf] 3f]/g]6Ldf dfcf]jfbLaf6 ;+rflnt du/ft :jfot cGtu{t gd"gf c:ktfn glhs Jofk/ u/L a:g] pSt uf=lj=;= j8f g+= % a:g] nfnaxfb'/ 3tL{sf 5f]/f sfn] 3tL{ / j]bk|;fb g]kfnLsf] ;fdfGo emu8f ePsf] / pSt ljifonfO{ lnP/ To; c:ktfndf sfd ug]{ dfcf]jfbL :jf:YosdL{n] j]bk|;fb g]kfnLnfO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L s'6lk6 ug'{sf ;fy} ?= ^) xhf/ ltg]{ sfuh u/fO{ ?= @) xhf/ gub lnPsf 5g\ / lgh j]bk|;fb g]kfnL ufpFn] h8Lj'6L cf}ifwL u/fO{ clxn] 3/d} pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf 5g\ .
-@_ @)^$÷%÷!) ut] M kf5fjfª uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] dfgl;+ª 8fFuLsf 5f]/f j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]z uPsf / dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] ljb]z hfg]x?af6 ?= #) xhf/ rGbf dfu]sf] / lgh 8fFuLaf6 rGbf gkfPkl5 pSt lbg /flt dfcf]jfbLsf uug a'9fsf] g]t[Tjdf cfPsf @)÷@% hgfsf] ;d"xn] lgh 8fFuLsf] afv|f !@, e]8f $, Ps xn uf]? / Ps j6f e};L cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ .
-#_ @)^$÷%÷!% ut] M em]gfd uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] s'n/fh /f]sf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;dy{s ePsf] / dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] unt ultljlwsf] lj/f]w ubf{ xf]n]/L ahf/df jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnO{ d/0ff;Gg x'g]u/L lk6L skfn d'08g u/]sf 5g\ .

dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gsf] o:tf u}/ /fhgLlts s[ofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+:yfsf sfo{stf{x?sf] o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf / cfklQ JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk t'?Gt /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf zfvf clws[t d'lQmk|;fb cfrfo{ cfˆgf] lgjf;tkm{ df]6/;fOsndf u}/x]sf] a]nf lxhf] /flt sf7df8f}Fsf] 7d]ndf c1ft ;d"xn] s'6lk6 u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . pxfFsf] 6fpFsf]df /8 k|xf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pxfFsf] xfn dgdf]xg d]df]l/on c:ktfn, n]vgfy dfu{ 7d]n, sf7df8f}Fdf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . pxfF;Fu ePsf] kf;kf]6{ / gub ;f]xL ;d"xn] n'l6 nu]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . /fhwfgLsf ljleGg :yfgx?df ck/flws s[ofsnfkx? a9\g yfn]sf]n] o:tf] ck/flws 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ vf]hL u/L pgLx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|]; d'lQm cfrfo{sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{} pxfFsf] pkrf/df ;f] c:ktfnn] u/]sf] pkrf/k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/fxgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm}n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] pDd]bjf/L -klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL_ sf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf tyf If]qx?sf ;Defljt pDd]bjf/x?sf] gfdfjnL @)^$ efb| #! ut] leq s]Gb|df cfOk'Ug] u/L k7fpg ;DalGwt ;a} lhNnf Pj+ If]qx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
-@_ If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]uåf/f t/fO{ nufot kxf8sf s]xL lhNnfx?df lgjf{rg If]q ;+Vof j[l4 ul/Psf]df ;f] If]q clxn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf If]qLo sfo{;ldlt ljlxg /xg k'u]sf 5g\ . o;/L If]qx? a9]sf] :yfgdf If]qLo ;efklt gePsf] cj:yfdf gofF If]qLo ;efklt / If]qLo sfo{;ldltsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;efkltn] lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, lhNnfsf dxf;ldlt ;b:o, dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw, cGo If]qsf If]qLo ;efkltx?;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo u/L gofF lgdf{0f ePsf] If]qsf nflu To; If]qdf /x]sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o, dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw, gu/÷ufpF sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt, gu/ j8fsf ;efkltx?sf] e]nf u/fO{ ltgLx?n] cfkm" dWo]af6 Ps hgf If]qLo tby{ sfo{;ldltsf] ;efkltdf r'gL csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ tyf Ps lgjf{rg If]qdf csf]{ lgjf{rg If]qaf6 cfPsf :yfgx?af6 If]qLo ;ldltdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fpg' kg]{5 eGg] Joxf]/f ;d]t ;a} lhNnf tyf If]qx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

/fhwfgLdf lxhf] ePsf] z[ª\vnfj4 ad lj:kmf]6df k/L b'O{ hgfsf] d[To' / @^ hgf 3fOt] ePsf] 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
/fhwfgLsf] clt Jo:t ;8sdf ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg / a; lj;f}gLdf u/fOPsf] ad ljikmf]6 :s"n k9]sf ;fgf–;fgf afnaflnsfx? ;d]tnfO{ nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . o; 36\gfn] /fhwfgLleq klg cftÍjfbLx?sf] s[ofsnfk ;+rfng x'g yfn]sf] cfef; x'G5 . zflGt k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ ljyf]Ng vf]Hg] cftÍsf/L ;d"xåf/f u/fPsf] dfgjtflj/f]wL 36\gfsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 / o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
;fy} o:tf cftÍsf/L ultljlwnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy lgoGq0f ug{ Pj+ o;df ;+nUg ck/fwL kQf nufP/ s8f sf/jfxL ug{ tyf ;a}nfO{ zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{, d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug{ / 3fOt]x?sf] pkrf/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu hf]8bf/ df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; /fd]5fksf pk;efklt Pj+ g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf s]Gb|Lo dxf;lrj nj>L Gof}kfg]nfO{ /fd]5fk lhNnfsf] /fdk'/ x'Fb} cfv|]gL j8f g+= ^ df ;+ljwfg;efsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fpg hfFb} ubf{ :yfgLo jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] x:tIf]k ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{qmd gug{ r]tfjgL lb+b} pxfFnfO{ kq ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ lbOPsf] ;f] kqdf elgPsf] 5— æljz]if s'/f s] xf] eg] tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt / kl/j]zdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] jftfj/0f alg g;s]sf]n] clxn] tTsfn ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] 9f]ª /Rg hgtfx?nfO{ k|lzlIft kfg'{ kg]{ xfdLnfO{ nfUb}g . a? uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng / u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ xh'/ klg of] lkmN8af6 lkmtL{ ;jf/L ePdf l7s} x'G5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfUb5 . s'g} klg kl/l:ylt / kl/j]z gagL /fv]sf] cj:yfn] hgtf;fd' e|d /Rg cfjZos 5}g eGg] cfu|x ub{5f}F . obL hj{h:tL hgtfnfO{ e|d km}nfOPdf :yfgLo jfOl;Pn tbf?stfsf ;fy e|d lrb}{ ;+3if{df pqg ;S5 ;f] sf] hjfkmb]xL ;DalGwt lgsfo /xg]5 . — j8f g+= % Pl/of :yfgLo jfOl;on .Æ
o;/L g} cGo sltko :yfg / lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] ;ef ljyf]Ng vf]Hg] k|oTg af/Daf/ dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gx?åf/f e}/x]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{qmdx? ljyf]Ng vf]Hg] o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlwsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . o:tf s[ofsnfkx? k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg / eo Pj+ qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/ xf]Og, j}rfl/s k|lt:kwf{sf dfWodaf6 cufl8 a9\g g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7gnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 . ;fy} o:tf u}/ sfg"gL / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk ug]{x?nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] /Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] ($ cf}F hGd hoGtL -efb| @$ ut]_ sf] cj;/ kf/L g]kfnL sfFu|];n] b]zel/sf lhNnf, gu/, ufpF, j8f tx;Dd kf6L{ sfo{stf{ Pj+ ;a} eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfx? ;d]t kl/rfng ub}{ j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;ef, uf]i7L, h'n';, k|lzIf0f nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{ u/L eJo ?kdf dgfpg] Joj:yfsf lgldQ o; cl3 g} g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?nfO{ kl/kq ul/;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tofu, ;+3if{ / alnbfgaf6 k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf ug{sf nflu cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|rf/ cleofgnfO{ tLj| ultdf cl3 a9fpg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, ;f+;b, k"j{ ;f+;b, dxf;ldlt ;b:o, dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw nufot g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ pSt cj;/df cf–cfˆgf] lhNnf, If]qdf hfgsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;b:o Pj+ /fli6«o ;efsf k"j{ ;f+;b lgnfDa/ kGyLsf] cfh laxfg & ah] pkrf/sf qmddf sf7df8f}Fsf] gle{s c:ktfndf lgwg eof] . @)^$ >fj0f ^ ut]b]lv dl:ts3ftsf sf/0f l;ls:t eO{ gle{s c:ktfnsf] cfOl;o"df pxfF pkrf/ u/fpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF lj=;+= !(*$ r}q @* ut] hGdg' ePsf] lyof] . u'NdLsf] w'sf]{6 jfUnf j8frf}/df hGdg' ePsf :j= kGyLn] g]kfnLdf Pd=P= / j]bfGt bz{gdf cfrfo{;Ddsf] cWoog ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ;+3if{/t :j= kGyL k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf, :yfkgf, k|hftGqsf] ;Dj4{gsf] ;+3if{df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xg' ePsf] lyof] . @)!% ;fndf pxfF ;f+;b x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF nfdf] ;do;Dd ef/t lgjf{;gdf /xg' eof] / @)## ;fndf /fli6«o d]nldnfksf] gLlt lnP/ aL=kL= sf]O/fnf, u0f]zdfg l;+x nufotsf g]tfx?;Fu} :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsfndf s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf] x}l;otn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . @)$* ;fndf pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 /fli6«o ;efsf] ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] / tTsfnLg ;/sf/L cfZjf;g ;ldltsf] cWoIf ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] ;flxTotkm{ klg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pxfFåf/f n]lvPsf pkGof; / sljtf sfJo u/L # j6f ;flxTos /rgfx? k|sflzt 5g\ . pxfFsL >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{sf nflu cfh laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, nlntk'/df /flvof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, dGqLx?, ;f+;bx?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx? / 7"nf] ;+Vofdf pkl:ylt kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] pxfFk|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . lbpF;f] @ ah] pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . kz'klt cfo{3f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnf / dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ªn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ :j= kGyLdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ eof] . To;}u/L s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, dGqLx?, ;f+;bx?, lhNnf ;efkltx?, eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3sf cWoIfx? nufot 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] :j= kGyLdf >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
;/n / ;fbuL hLjg Joltt ug'{ ePsf kf6L{sf k'/fgf lgi7fjfg g]tf :j= kGyLsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lgnfDa/ kGyLsf] lgwgdf ef]ln ! lbg kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / lhNnf sfof{nx? aGb u/L kf6L{sf] em08f cfwf em'sfP/ zf]s JoQm ug]{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;b:o Pj+ /fli6«o ;efsf k"j{ ;f+;b lgnfDa/ kGyLsf] cfh laxfg & ah] pkrf/sf qmddf sf7df8f}Fsf] gle{s c:ktfndf lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{sf nflu clxn] laxfg !) ah]b]lv ! ah];Dd kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, nlntk'/df /flvg] / lbpF;f] ! ah]kl5 kz'klt cfo{3f6df n}hfg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o xl/af]n e§/fO{sf lktf jgdfnL/fd e§/fO{sf] *& jif{sf] pd]/df cfh sf7df8f}F lgwg eof] . pxfFsL >LdtL / ^ 5f]/f x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; jgdfnL/fd e§/fO{sf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ dxf;ldlt ;b:o xl/af]n e§/fO{ nufot ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

efb| @$ — hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] ($ cf}F hGd hoGtL xf] . ;Djt\ !(&! sf] efb| @$ ut] pxfFsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf, /fli6«o lxt k|j4{g Pj+ hgtfsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf] lgldQ aL=kL=n] s}+of}+ k6s y'k|} hf]lvdx?sf] cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg] pleO/xg' k¥of] . t/ cfˆgf] cf:yf, cfˆgf] cfbz{ / l;4fGtaf6 clnslt klg kl5 gx6]/, b]z / hgtfsf] lxt / xssf] lgldQ nl8/xg] pxfF Ps dxfg /fi6«jfbL /fhg]tf x'g'x'GYof], Ps lrGts x'g'x'GYof] / o'ugfos x'g'x'GYof] . ltg} o'ugfos tyf /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfksf] gLltsf k|0f]tfsf] ($ cf}F hGd hoGtL clw/fHoe/L lhNnf, gu/, ufpF, j8f tx;Dd kf6L{ sfo{stf{ tyf ;a} eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfx? ;d]t kl/rfng ub}{ j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;ef, uf]i7L, h'n';, k|lzIf0f nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{ u/L eJo ?kdf dgfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
;fy} g]kfnLx?sf] zxfbt, Tofu / alnbfgaf6 k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut u/L :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf ug{sf nflu cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|rf/ cleofg tLj| ultdf cl3 a9fpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| (, @)^$
k|]; jQmJo

-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ko"7fg lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;efklt d'lQmk|;fb zdf{sf lktf x]d/fh zdf{sf] lxhf] efb| * ut] ePsf] lgwgn] dnfO{ cToGt b'MvLt agfPsf] 5 . Ko"7fg ljh'jf/ j8f g+= $ df hGdg' ePsf :j= zdf{ @))^ ;fndf Ko"7fg lhNnfsf] k|rf/ dGqL x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ko"7fg lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;+:yfks ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . @))& ;fndf d'lQm ;]gfdf ;+nUg eO{ ;Nofg / Ko"7fg sAhf ug{df pxfFsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . @))* df xnf] qmflGtdf ;+nUg /xg' ePsf :j= zdf{ tTsfnLg cj:yfdf kfNkf / ;Nofgsf] h]ndf tLg jif{ sf/fuf/ hLjg Joltt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . @)!& ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;gsfnsf] lj?4df e"tk"j{ ;}lgsx?sf] ;+u7g ug]{ qmddf pxfFnfO{ 3/ af6} kqmfp u/L Ko"7fgsf] ;b/d'sfd x'Fb} sf7df8f}Fsf] l8NnLahf/ ;b/vf]/df y'gfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . pxfF @)!* ;fndf 5'6]kl5 l;+3} ef/tsf] uf]/vk'/df k'uL kf6L{sf g]tfx?;Fu ;Dks{ u/L k'gM Ko"7fgdf ;f+u7lgs ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g' eof] . To;kl5 k'gM ef/t lgjf{;gdf /xg' eof] . @)$@ ;fnsf] ;Tofu|xdf ;d]t h]n kg'{ ePsf :j= zdf{ xfn;Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;lqmo ?kn] lg/Gt/ nflu/xg' ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfFn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 Ko"7fg lhNnfn] Ps xf]gfxf/ cleefjsnfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 / g]kfnL sfFu|];n] Ps ;lqmo of]4f u'dfPsf] / kf6L{nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf d ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5' . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .
-@_ Ko"7fg lhNnf cvf{ uf=lj=;=sf] lkF8fn'nfpg] eGg] :yfgdf efb| & ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg uPsf] klx/f]df kl/ Ps} kl/jf/sf rf/ ;lxt kfFrhgfsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 . ;f] klx/f]df k/L cGo s]xL x/fO/x]sf 5g\ .
d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fO{ lbg / x/fO/x]sfx?sf] vf]hL Pj+ p4f/ sfo{nfO{ tbf?stf lbg ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5' .
-lbjfs/ uf}td_
;lrj

---

efb| *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ko"7fg lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;efklt d'lQmk|;fb zdf{sf lktf x]d/fh zdf{sf] cfh laxfg $ ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] aL/ c:ktfndf pkrf/sf qmddf lgwg eof] . Ko"7fg ljh'jf/ j8f g+= $ df hGdg' ePsf :j= zdf{ @))^ ;fndf Ko"7fg lhNnfsf] k|rf/ dGqL x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ko"7fg lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;+:yfks ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . @))& ;fndf d'lQm ;]gfdf ;+nUg eO{ ;Nofg / Ko"7fg sAhf ug{df pxfFsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . @)!* df xn} qmflGtdf ;+nUg /xg'sf :j= zdf{ @)!) ;fndf kfNkf h]ndf tLg jif{ sf/fuf/ hLjg Joltt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfF @)!& ;fndf e"ldut eO{ e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;+3sf] ;+u7gdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL ;fn pxfF Ko"7fg vn+ufdf kqmfp kg'{ ePsf]n] pxfFnfO{ l8NnLahf/ ;b/vf]/df y'gfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . @)!* ;fndf pxfF ef/t lgjf{;gdf a:g' eof] / @)@% ;fndf cfddfkmL kfPkl5 :jb]z kmsL{ kf6L{sf] ;+u7gdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] . @)$@ ;fnsf] ;Tofu|xdf ;d]t h]n kg'{ ePsf] :j= zdf{ xfn;Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;lqmo ?kn] lg/Gt/ nflu/xg' ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] cfh} laxfg kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ :j= zdf{df clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFk|lt clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ ljleGg /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx?, ;f+;bx?, 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? / :j= zdf{sf cfkmGthgx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] lxhf] /flt k|;fl/t Ps sfo{qmddf cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf jfj'/fd e§/fO{n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?sf] gfd} ls6fg u/L pxfFx?dfly dfcf]jfbLn] ef}lts sfjf{xL ug]{ cfzosf] cleJolQmk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
cf7 /fhgLlts bnaLr ePsf] ;dembf/L / ;xdltsf] k"0f{ ?kn] j]jf:tf ub}{ dfcf]jfbLx? k'gM cfˆgf] k'/fg} z}lntkm{ pGd'v ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . o:tf u}/ /fhgLlts cleJolQmsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / lgGbf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] o:tf cleJolQm glbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

aL=kL= hoGtLsf] cj;/df ut !( tfl/v -efb| @ ut]_ cfOtaf/sf lbg g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt xªsªn] ljleGg JolQmx?nfO{ sb/kq tyf ;Ddfgkq k|bfg u¥of] . sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ;ldltsf cWoIf ;Gtf]if 3n]n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k|d'v cltly sf=jf= dxfjfl0fHob"t x]dnfn e§/fO{n] ug'{ ePsf] ;f] sfo{qmddf xªsªsf ;/sf/L clwjQmf 8]le8 jf]P6f]g, lgb]{zs o"o;P 8f= dfs{ ;fG8f]NkmL, Pzf]l;P6 8fO/]S6/ -lSno/ jf6/ OG6/g]zgn_ lgsf]nf; h]= Jofg/Dofg, 6f]P sf]:6 efO; k|]l;8]G6 a|]6L af]u/, lgb]{zs kfpn xflDAng, clwjQmf -n08g_ a|fog ln6nj'8 cGo cltlyx? lyP . sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;lrj OZj/ vfF8 / ufoqL yfkfn] ;fd"lxs ?kdf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt xªsªsf sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ 8f;'/fd k/fh'nLsf] :jfut dGtJokl5 ;ldltsf ljleGg bzhgf JolQmx?nfO{ pxfFx?sf] ;ldlt;Fusf] c6'6 ;+nUgtfsf] nflu aL=kL= :d[lt lbj;df ;ldltn] sb/kq k|bfg u¥of] . nfdf] ;do;Dd xªsªdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfpg' ePsL >LdtL nIdL yfkf /fO{nfO{ cfufdL aL=kL= hGd hoGtLsf] cj;/ kf/]/ xªsª 8n/ @))) -b'O{ xhf/_ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
;fy} cfufdL @^ ;]K6]Dj/df aL=kL= :d[lt uf]N8sk km'6jn k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ul/g] / ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf !$ j6f ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf k|yd x'g]nfO{ *))) xªsª 8n/, bf];|f] x'g]nfO{ %))) xªsª 8n/sf] k'/:sf/ /fzL lbg] 3f]if0ff ;ldltn] u/]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

u'NdL lhNnf If]q g+= #, 5fklxn] uf=lj=;= lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|]; ufpF ;ldltsf ;x;lrj /]vf hL=;L=nfO{ ut efb| $ ut] JolQmut sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;b/d'sfd tD3f;tkm{ uf8Ldf uO/x]sf] a]nf jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] uf8Laf6 lgsfnL d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/L lgd{d tj/n] s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/jfbL / kqsf/sf] 6f]nLn] pxfFnfO{ ;b/d'sfd k'¥ofPsf lyP . xfn pxfFsf] tD3f; c:ktfndf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgtkm{ b]z s]Gb|Lt eO/x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbLx?n] cf7 /fhgLlts bnx? aLr ePsf] ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lsf] pNn+3g ub}{ /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ sfjf{xL ug]{ h:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ul//x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbLx? cem} klg lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+u7g dfkm{t\ ePsf o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlwsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / lgGbf JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf s[ofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3fOt] /]vf hL=;L=sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| $, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ n] xfn} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] @@ a'Fb] ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] 5 . b]z clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg]tkm{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] s]Gb|Lt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/df ;lDdlnt bn g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ev{/} 3f]lift u/]sf] @@ j'Fb] ;+3if{sf sfo{qmdn] !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv j[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;/sf/df ;xefuL x'Fbf ul/Psf k|ltj4tf nufot xfn;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xdlt, ;dembf/L, k|ltj4tfx?af6 g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ ljd'v ePsf] k'i6L ePsf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhgLlts jftfj/0f lgjf{rgdo agfpg' kg]{ a]nfdf ;/sf/df ;fd]n ePsf] /fhgLlts bnn] hgsfjf{xLb]lv g]kfn jGb nufotsf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u/]/ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf] 7f8f] pNn+3g tyf å}w b08 Joj:yf gLlt ckgfO{ clxn];Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltj4tfx?k|lt OdfGbf/ g/x]sf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] of] u}/ lhDd]jf/ tyf cnf]stflGqs lqmofsnfkk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf / v]b JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} ;+3if{sf sfo{qmdx? cljnDj lkmtf{ lnP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ g} s]Gb|Lt ub}{ ;xdltk"0f{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg j[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf / xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf k|ltj4tfsf] b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgs} ;]/f]km]/f]df g} lg:sg ;S5 eGg] 7x/ / ljZjf; g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] /x]sf] 5 .
cGoyf 3f]lift cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{sf sfo{qmdn] lgjf{rg ljyf]Ng rfxg] u}/ nf]stflGqs Pj+ k|ltudgsf/L tTjnfO{ g} ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf ;r]i6 /xg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; Wofg cfs[i6 u/fpg rfxG5 .
-;'zLn sf]O/fnf_
pk;efklt

---

efb| $, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf;Fu rLgsf dxfdlxd /fhb"t em]ª l;ofªlng (Zheng Xianglin) n] cfh laxfg kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, aL=kL= gu/, ;fg]kfdf e]6 ug'{ eof] .
e]6sf qmddf låkIfLo lxt, g]kfndf x'g u}/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, zflGt ;'/Iff nufot ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
pSt e]63f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ª / s]Gb|Lo ;b:o >L nId0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'= d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| $, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

Pr=aL=;L=Pkm=Pd= sf] k|;f/0fdf dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 cj/f]w v8f u/]sf]n] To;sf] lj/f]wdf ut >fj0f @& ut]b]lv ;f] Pkm=Pd=sf ;Nnfxsf/ jL/]Gb| bfxfnn] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs / :jtGq kqsfl/tfsf] lxt ;Dj4{gsf] lgldQ k|]; sfpG;Lnsf] sfof{no cufl8 cfd/0f cg;g ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, jL/]Gb| bfxfnsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt cToGt gfh's eO;s]sf]n] zL3| pxfFsf] df+u k'/f u/]/, pxfFsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu hf]8\bf/ cfu|x ub{5 . cfh bzf}F lbg kf/ ubf{ klg ;DalGwt ;a} kIfx?af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ lbzfdf pbfl;g / cg'Q/bfoL b]lvPsf] tyf pxfFsf] hLjg / :jtGq, lgikIf kqsfl/tfdfly k|xf/ ul/Psf] 36\gfsf] ?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] lnPsf] 5 . :jtGq kqsfl/tfdf slx, st}af6 s;}n] klg jfwf pTkGg u/fpg] sfo{ cToGt lgGbgLo xf] . o:tf sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o;sf] ;dfwfg cljnDj u/L Pr=aL=;L=Pkm=Pd=sf ;Nnfxsf/ jL/]Gb| bfxfnsf] hLjg /Iffsf] nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] o; cl3 g} Ps k|]; lj1lKt hf/L u/L jL/]Gb| bfxfnn] /fv]sf lgtfGt hfoh df+usf k|lt ;dy{g / cg;gsf] P]Soj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

efb| #, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ s]Gb|Lo cWoIf uf]ljGb e§/fO{sf lktf gf/fo0f e§/fO{sf] &% jif{sf] pd]/df cfh laxfg # ah] x[bo3ftaf6 lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 b'O{ k6s ;Dd j8f ;b:odf lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] kf6L{df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xL cfˆgf] cd"No of]ubfg lbg' ePsf] lyof] . 3fF;Ls'jf—^, tgx'F lgjf;L :j= e§/fO{sf] # 5f]/f, # 5f]/L / >LdtL x'g'x'G5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; tgx'Fsf ;efklt /3'gfy kf}8]nn] pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/df kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . :j= e§/fO{k|lt >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? / :j= e§/fO{sf cfkmGthgx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; gf/fo0f e§/fO{sf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf uf]ljGb e§/fO{ nufot ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

>fj0f #@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
Pr=aL=;L=Pkm=Pd= sf] k|;f/0fdf dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 cj/f]w v8f u/]sf]n] To;sf] lj/f]wdf, hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs / :jtGq kqsfl/tfsf] lxt ;Dj4{gsf] lgldQ ut >fj0f @& ut]b]lv ;f] Pkm=Pd=sf ;Nnfxsf/ jL/]Gb| bfxfnn] k|]; sfpG;Lnsf] sfof{no cufl8 cfd/0f cg;g ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . :jtGq kqsfl/tfdf st}af6, s;}n] klg jfwf pTkGg u/fpg] sfo{ cToGt lgGbgLo xf] . o:tf sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy}, jL/]Gb| bfxfnsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt cToGt gfh's eO;s]sf]n] zL3| pxfFsf] df+u k'/f u/]/, pxfFsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu hf]8\bf/ cfu|x ub{5 . jL/]Gb| bfxfnn] /fv]sf lgtfGt hfoh df+unfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;dy{g hgfpF5 / pxfFsf] cg;gdf P]Soj4tf JoQm ub{5 .
To:t} ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t >dhLjL kqsf/x?nfO{ cGofok"0f{ tj/n] jvf{:t u/]sf]df To;sf] lj/f]w ub}{ g]kfn k|]; o'lgog;Fu ;Dj4 kqsf/x? Pj+ kqsf/ ju{sf] xs / lxtdf ;w}+ nflu/xg] c? cg]s kqsf/x?n] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng ;+rfng ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . lxhf] >fj0f #! b]lv pxfFx?n] kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] sfof{no k|fË0fdf l/n] cg;g k|f/De ug'{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; >dhLjL kqsf/x?sf] xs / lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ ;w}+ k|ltj4 5 / kqsf/x?dfly ePsf] of] cGofosf] eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy}, pxfFx?sf] avf{:tnfO{ cljnDj lkmtf{ lng hf]8\bf/ cfu|x ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f #!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3n] ljleGg ljZj ljBfnox?df nfdf] ;dob]lv l/Qm /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx? lgo'lSt nufotsf ljleGg ljifox? p7fP/ ljleGg sfo{qmdx?s} qmddf cfd/0f cg;gsf] sfo{qmd ;d]t /x]sf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsfn] o; ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt pRr txdf ePsf ;xdlt / ;+emf}tf cg'?k OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{–u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy} cGofGo hfoh dfFux?sf ;Gbe{df ;d:t OdfGbf/ nf]stflGqs kIfx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\b} k"0f{ pT;fx / pRr dgf]ansf ;fy ul/g] cGofGo zflGtk"0f{ sfo{qmdx?sf cltl/Qm xfn lgwf{l/t cfd/0f cg;gsf] sfo{qmd af/] dfq ljrf/ ug{–u/fpg ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5' .
-;'zLn sf]O/fnf_
pk–;efklt
g]kfnL sfFu|];

---

>fj0f #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ?s'dn] cfh ToxfF cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ug{ nfUbf, xltof/ ;lxtsf jfOl;Pnn] cfqmd0f u/L g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 ?s'dsf— nfnaxfb'/ dxt ;d]t # hgfnfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf] 5 . ;'/Iffy{ vl6Psf ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] ;d]t pgLx?n] nf7L vf]:g] h:tf sfo{x? klg u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn t?0f bn ?s'dsf cWoIf gGb lji6 / v8s 8fFuL nufotsf sfo{stf{x?sf] 3/ 3/df uO{ jfOl;Pnn] cfqmd0f ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] cToGt lgGbgLo sfo{ xf] . o;sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s8f zAbdf lj/f]w ub{5 .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf eft[ ;+:yfsf sfo{stf{x?sf] o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ul//x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk t'?Gt /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

eStk'/ SofDk;sf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf sfo{stf{x?— d's'Gb v8\sf, 1fg' v8\sf, xl/rGb| vgfn nufotsfnfO{ lxhf] >fj0f @* ut] eStk'/sf] u¶f3/df jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] lgd{dtfk"j{s s'6]sf 5g\ . 3fOt] ljBfyL{x?sf] sf7df8f}F df]8]n c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . 3fOt] dWo] d's'Gb v8\sfsf] 6fpFsf]df #@ 6fFsf nufOPsf] 5 . 3fOt] xl/rGb| vgfnsf lktf lbnaxfb'/ vgfnnfO{ @)%* ;fndf dfcf]jfbLx?n] xTof u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?ªn] cfh 3fOt] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ e]6L 3fOt] ljBfyL{x?sf] :jf:Yo l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L lng' ePsf] lyof] .
jfOl;Pnåf/f ul/Psf] of] 36gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6 ;+:yfsf sfo{stf{x?sf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] 7"nf] lbbL ls/0fs'df/L kf08]sf] &) jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] lbpF;f] !@ ah] zxLb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo s]Gb|df pkrf/sf qmddf x[bo3ftaf6 lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ lxh} a]n'sf kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . kz'klt cfo{3f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?, kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x? / :j= kf08]sf cfkmhgx?n] pxfFk|lt clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ls/0fs'df/L kf08]sf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL nufot pxfFsf ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

yfkfynL OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;sf] xf]:6]ndf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x? ck|TofzLt ?kdf leq k|j]z u/L zflGtk"0f{ a;]sf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ hj{/h:tL aflx/ lgsfnL cfh laxfg * ah] s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ . jfOl;Pnsf] s'6fO{af6 yfkfynL OlGhlgol/ª SofDk; g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf OsfO{ ;efklt ;Gtf]if bfxfnsf] 6fpFsfdf uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . To;}u/L :jljo' ;efklt ;'lw/ zdf{, clgn /]UdL, x's'daxfb'/ a'9f, ljzfn ;'j]bL, lzj/fh bjf8L, uf]ljGb ;'j]bL nufot bh{gf} ljBfyL{x? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . 3fOt] ljBfyL{x?sf] clxn] sf7df8f}F df]8]n c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] 36gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6 ;+:yfsf sfo{stf{x?sf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dxf]Q/Lsf] jlb{jf; If]qdf /x]sf] dxfb]j lzjsf] dlGb/df >fj0f dlxgfdf sdl8ofx?n] hn r9fpg] / cGo >4fn' eQmhgx?sf] ;d]t ;f]djf/sf] lbg 3'Orf] nfUg] x'G5 . ;f]xL qmddf lxhf] >fj0f @& ut] hn r9fpg uPsf eQmhg dfly / cfh hn r9fO{ kms{g] qmddf b'O{ ;Dk|bfosf JolQmx? aLr ePsf] em8ksf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o:tf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf / b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . o; k|sf/sf ultljlwn] ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj / cfk;L d]nldnfk e8\lsg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk k|lt ;t{s, ;r]t / ;hu x'g klg ;DalGwt ;a}df g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf ultljlwsf] lgoGq0f ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf cfh tgx'Fsf] jGbLk'/ uf=lj=;= l:yt v8\ub]jL k|f=lj=sf] k|fË0fdf aGbLk'/, w/dkfgL / b]p/fnL uf=lj=;=sf sfo{stf{x?sf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] gf/f h'n'; u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ ljyf]Ng vf]Hg'sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ dfly ceb| / cdof{lbt Jojxf/ u/]sf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
;f] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{nfO{ 8/ Pj+ wDsL lbO{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g glbg] jfOl;Pnsf] ;'lgof]lht of]hgf /x]tf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljzfn ;xeflutf b]v]kl5 pgLx? sfo{qmd :yn 5f]8]/ uPsf lyP . sfo{qmd ;DkGg kZrft\ æg]kfnL sfFu|]; lhGbfjfb Û nf]stGq lhGbfjfb Û ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ;kmn kf5f}F{–kf5f}{FÆ eGg] gf/f ;lxt ljzfn h'n';n] uflj;sf ljleGg :yfgx?sf] kl/qmddf u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ufpF sfo{;ldltsf] gjlgld{t ejg pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf ;l/s eof] . ;f] ejg pb\3f6g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbLsf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 / pSt ck|hftflGqs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf s[ofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxFG5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf cfh tgx'Fsf] jGbLk'/ uf=lj=;= l:yt v8\ub]jL k|f=lj=sf] k|fË0fdf aGbLk'/, w/dkfgL / b]p/fnL uf=lj=;=sf sfo{stf{x?sf] k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] gf/f h'n'; u/L sfo{qmdnfO{ ljyf]Ng vf]Hg'sf ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ dfly ceb| / cdof{lbt Jojxf/ u/]sf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
;f] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{nfO{ 8/ Pj+ wDsL lbO{ sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g glbg] jfOl;Pnsf] ;'lgof]lht of]hgf /x]tf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ljzfn ;xeflutf b]v]kl5 pgLx? sfo{qmd :yn 5f]8]/ uPsf lyP . sfo{qmd ;DkGg kZrft\ æg]kfnL sfFu|]; lhGbfjfb Û nf]stGq lhGbfjfb Û ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ;kmn kf5f}F{–kf5f}{FÆ eGg] gf/f ;lxt ljzfn h'n';n] uflj;sf ljleGg :yfgx?sf] kl/qmddf u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ufpF sfo{;ldltsf] gjlgld{t ejg pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf ;l/s eof] . ;f] ejg pb\3f6g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb/fh hf]zLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbLsf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub{5 / pSt ck|hftflGqs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o; k|sf/sf lqmofsnfkn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lqmofsnfk /f]Sg / cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf e+u x'g] o:tf s[ofsnfknfO{ /f]Sg g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxFG5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t cg]sf}F kqsf/x?nfO{ ToxfFsf] k|zf;gn] cToGt jblgotk"0f{ tj/n] lgisfl;t u/]sf] 36gfsf] lj/f]wdf g]kfn k|]; o'lgog, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, /fli6«o ;fKtflxs÷kflIfs klqsf ;~hfn;Fu ;Da4 kqsf/x? / uf]/vfkqdf sfo{/t kqsf/x?n] cfh uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] d'n u]6df zflGtk"0f{ wgf{df al;/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ lgs6 jfOl;Pn / ;+:yfg leqs} clwgfosjfbL k|j[lQsf JolQmx?n] cfqmd0f u/L bh{gf}F kqsf/nfO{ s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . o;/L 3fOt] x'g] kqsf/x?df— g]kfn k|]; o'lgogsf k"j{ ;efklt s'nrGb| jfUn], g]kfn k|]; o'lgog sf7df8f}Fsf k"j{ ;efklt uf]s0f{ cof{n, lqe'jgrGb| jfUn], eSt yfkf, gj/fh nD;fn, bof/fd kf08], g]kfn 6]«8 o'lgog sfFu|];sL s]Gb|Lo ;b:o d~h' e§/fO{ nufotsf @% hgf x'g'x'G5 .
jiff}{b]lv kqsfl/tfdf s[ofzLn eP/ lg/+s'z zf;gsfndf klg k]zfut xs / lxtsf k|lt ;dlk{t /x]/ hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ plrt tj/n] kfng ug]{ kqsf/x?dfly ePsf] of] cfqmd0fsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; eT;{gf / lgGbf ub{5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; >dhLjL kqsf/x?dfly ePsf] 3f]/ cGofosf] ?kdf lnG5 . zflGtk"0f{ wgf{df a;]sf kqsf/x?dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ JolQmx?sf] 5fgjLg u/L pgLx?nfO{ sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t cg]sf}F kqsf/x?nfO{ ToxfFsf] k|zf;gn] cToGt jblgotk"0f{ tj/n] lgisfl;t ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; >dhLjL kqsf/x?dfly ePsf] 3f]/ cGofosf] ?kdf lnG5 .
jiff}{b]lv kqsfl/tfdf s[ofzLn eP/ lg/+s'z zf;gsfndf klg k]zfut xs / lxtsf k|lt ;dlk{t /x]/ hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ plrt tj/n] kfng ug]{ kqsf/x?sf] of] lgisfzg :jtGq kqsfl/tf / >dhLjL kqsf/x?sf] clwsf/dflysf] cfqmd0f xf] . o;/L lgisflzt kqsf/x?nfO{ ToxfFsf] k|zf;gn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;dy{s eGg] bf]if nufP/, ToxL sf/0fn] lgisfl;t u/]sf] eGg] h:tf lgtfGt cfklQhgs s'/fx? k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg kqsf/n] s'g} /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] ;b:otf lng' jf To; kf6L{k|lt cf:yf /fVg' p;sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . t/ kqsf/sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L lgikIf kqsfl/tf xf], of] ;Todfly s'7f/f3ft u/]/ uf]/vfkq Joj:yfkgn] ljj]sxLg / clwgfosjfbL gLlt ckgfP/ u/]sf] of] lgisfzgsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s8f zAbdf lj/f]w ub{5 . o;/L cGofok"0f{ / k|ltzf]wk"0f{ tj/n] lgisf;g ul/Psf ;a} kqsf/x?nfO{ t'?Gt jxfnL ul/of];\ eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

xfn}sf] clj/n jiff{n] b]zsf ljleGg efudf 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] / kxf8sf sltko lhNnfdf klx/f] tyf t/fO{ If]qsf clwsf+z efu hndUg eO{ w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf Hofg uPsf] 5, xhf/f}F hgtf 3/jf/ljlxg ePsf 5g\, /fxt ;fdfu|L pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, sltko JolQmx? b'lift kfgLsf sf/0f /f]uJofwLaf6 kLl8t x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o; b'Mvb 38Ldf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] af9L klx/f] lkl8tx?nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?ªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t s]Gb|Lo af9L klx/f] lkl8t ;xof]u ;ldltn] /fxt /sd / ;fdfu|L ;+sngsf] sfo{nfO{ tLj| agfPsf] 5 . o;/L g} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf &% j6} lhNnfx?df lhNnf :t/Lo af9L klx/f] kLl8t ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g u/L /fxt ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 / /fxt ;fdfu|L / /fxt /sd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf a'emfpg] qmd hf/L 5 .
o;} qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|]; sf:sL lhNnfsf ;efklt o1axfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf sf]iffWoIf >L Clif ;fksf]6f / ;b:o ljZj l3ld/]n] sf:sL lhNnfdf b]ze/sf af9L klx/f] kLl8tx?sf] ;xof]ufy{ ;+slnt gub ?= !,)&,!@^.– g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjnfO{ cfh kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg nlntk'/df x:tfGt/0f ug'{ eof] . ToxL cleofgdf ;+slnt Ps 6«s nQf sk8f kf6L{sf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ sf:sL lhNnfaf6} ;DalGwt af9L klx/f] kLl8t If]qdf k'¥ofOg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L g} g]kfnL sfFu|]; eQmk'/ lhNnfaf6 gub ?= @$,)&(.– / #) af]/f nQf sk8f, g]kfn t?0f bn sf7df8f}Faf6 ?= #),))).– sf] r]s / !$ af]/f nQf sk8f, 6L=aL= kGt -tgx'F_ af6 @ af]/f nQf sk8f, d]l/gf 9'+ufgf ;fg]kfaf6 gub ?= !)%.– / s]xL nQf sk8f g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k|fKt e};s]sf] 5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; b}n]v lhNnf l5p8Lk';fsf]6 ufpF sfo{ ;ldltsf ;efklt Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o /jLaxfb'/ v8\sfsf] lxhf] >fj0f @) ut] a]n'sf ^ ah] sf7df8f}F Go"/f] c:ktfn, afF;af/Ldf pkrf/sf qmddf lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] hGd !((! c;f/ # ut] ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] Ps >LdtL, kfFr 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] cfh} kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; b}n]vsf ;efklt u0f]zaxfb'/ v8\sfn] kf6L{ em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;f+;b lzj/fh hf]zL, k"j{ ;f+;b /+uaxfb'/ zfxL nufot :j= v8\sfsf cfkmGthgsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
?s'd lhNNff ljh]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ u0f]z s]=;L=nfO{ @)^$ >fj0f !^ ut] /flt jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{ bnaxfb'/ vqL, tf/fgfy zdf{ nufot @) hgfsf] hTyfn] s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ / xfn pxfFsf] ld;g c:ktfn rf}/hxf/L ?s'ddf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} jfOl;Pn / dfcf]jfbLsf ?s'd lhNnf ;]qm]6/L uf]kfn zdf{n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cGo sfo{stf{x?— ldqaxfb'/ 8fFuL, sfnLaxfb'/ vqL, ?knfn lu/L, k|tfk b]jsf]6f, dgL/fd vqLnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6:y ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

?s'd lhNNff ljh]Zj/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ u0f]z s]=;L=nfO{ @)^$ >fj0f !^ ut] /flt jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{ bnaxfb'/ vqL, tf/fgfy zdf{ nufot @) hgfsf] hTyfn] s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ / xfn pxfFsf] ld;g c:ktfn rf}/hxf/L ?s'ddf pkrf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} jfOl;Pn / dfcf]jfbLsf ?s'd lhNnf ;]qm]6/L uf]kfn zdf{n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cGo sfo{stf{x?— ldqaxfb'/ 8fFuL, sfnLaxfb'/ vqL, ?knfn lu/L, k|tfk b]jsf]6f, dgL/fd vqLnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]sf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6:y ;+:yfx?sf] lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;Pnaf6 ePsf] o:tf] c/fhs lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNjNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} ;d"x, tTj jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod u/L cfd gful/sdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

xfn}sf] clj/n jiff{n] b]zsf ljleGg efudf 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] / kxf8sf sltko lhNnfdf klx/f] tyf t/fO{ If]qsf clwsf+z efu hndUg eO{ w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf Hofg uPsf] 5, xhf/f}F hgtf 3/jf/ljlxg ePsf 5g\, /fxt ;fdfu|L pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, sltko JolQmx? b'lift kfgLsf sf/0f /f]uJofwLaf6 kLl8t x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . o; b'Mvb 38Ldf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] af9L klx/f] lkl8tx?nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?ªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t s]Gb|Lo af9L klx/f] lkl8t ;xof]u ;ldltn] /fxt /sd / ;fdfu|L ;+sngsf] sfo{nfO{ cfhaf6} z'? u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} g]kfnL sfFu|];sf &% j6} lhNnfx?df lhNnf :t/Lo af9L klx/f] kLl8t ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g u/L /fxt ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df cfh laxfg !! ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] ef]6flx6Laf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf /fxt /sd / ;fdfu|L ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ eof] . dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?ª, ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?— uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL, nId0fk|;fb l3ld/], ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L, Zofdnfn >]i7, kbdgf/fo0f rf}w/L nufotsf g]tf Pj+ kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?sf] ;lqmo pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . ef]6flx6Laf6 /fxt ;+sng ub}{ c;g, OGb|rf]s, Go"/f]8, lvrfkf]v/Lsf] kl/qmdf kZrft e"uf]nkfs{ k'uL cfhsf] sfo{qmd lj;{hg ul/Psf]
lyof] .

ck/fGx ! ah] nlntk'/sf] nugv]naf6 /fxt ;+sng ug]{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ª, s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?— uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL, rqmk|;fb afF:tf]nf, kbdgf/fo0f rf}w/L, nlntk'/sf ;efklt rGb| dxh{g nufotsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] / kf6gsf] leqL zx/df /fxt ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .

o;}u/L ck/fGx # ah] eStk'/sf] b'wkf6Ldf klg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf /fxt ;+sngdf dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ª, s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?— uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL, nId0fk|;fb l3ld/] nufotsf g]tf Pj+ kf6Lsf sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

cfhsf tLg j6} sfo{qmdx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

;+sng ul/Psf] /fxt ;dfu|L tyf /sdnfO{ cljnDj ;DalGwt af9L klx/f] kLl8t If]qsf hgtf dfFem g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cljnDj k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

ef]ln ck/fGx # ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] /Tgkfs{—afuahf/ If]qaf6 /fxt ;+sng ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

ldlt M– @)^$÷$÷!$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] pkl:yltdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo af9L klx/f] lkl8t ;xof]u ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pj+ dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?Ësf] cWoIftfdf ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7s cfh laxfg a:of] / lgDg lnlvt lg0f{ox? eof] .
!= g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?nfO{ lhNnf lhNnfdf lhNnf :t/Lo afl9klx/f] lkl8t ;xof]u ;ldlt u7g u/L t'?Gt /fxt ;fdfu|L Pj+ /sd ;+sng ug{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf] 5 .
@= ef]ln @)^$ >fj0f !% ut]sf lbg sf7df08f}sf] ef]6flx6L af6 !! ah], nlntk'/sf] nugv]n af6 lbgsf] ! ah] / eQmk'/sf] b'wkf6L af6 lbgsf] # ah] b]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf sfo{;ldltx?n] /fxt /sd / ;fdfu|L ;+sng ;'? ug]{ 5g\ . To:df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?sf] klg ;+nUgtf /xg]5 . ;Dk"0f{ sfo{stf{ Pj+ eft[ ;+u7gsf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;d]t ;s[otf k"j{s ;xefuL x'g cfJxfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ lblbjxLgL, bfh'efO{x?nfO{ of] ljkltsf] 3l8df x[bo b]lvg} ;xof]u ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
#= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+u cljnDj /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o ;xof]usf] nflu ckLn ug{ / k|efljt If]qsf hgtfdf /fxt ;fdfu|L zL3| Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+un] k'¥ofpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .
$= ;x–dxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf eft[;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx? ;d]t /x]sf] /fxt ljt/0f ;+oGq u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
cfhg} g]kfn t?0f bn sf7df08f} lhNnfaf6 ;+slnt ?= lt; xhf/ /sd, cf7 jf]/f sk8f / Ps jf]/f h'Qf, g]kfnL sfFu|]; nlntk'/ lhNnfaf6 ;+slnt ? pGgfO; xhf/ /sd g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo af9L lkl8t ;xof]u ;ldlt nfO{ k|fKt eof] .
k|sfz zdf{
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !#, @)^$
k|]; jQmJo

kj{t lhNnf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf tyf cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ ;xfos dGqL l8NnL/fh zdf{sf] cfh >fj0f !# ut] laxfg nDh'ªsf] j]zLzx/df lgwg eof] . pxfF sf/fuf/ lgl/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df lxhf] !@ ut] ToxfF hfg' ePsf] lyof] .

ljBfyL{sfnb]lv g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs ;+3if{df ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;+nUg :juL{o zdf{n] cg]s k6s h]nsf] oftgf a]xf]g'{ ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] ;do;Dd lzIfssf] ?kdf /x]/ lzIffsf] If]qdf klg pxfFn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfbz{ / l;4fGtk|lt ;w}+ k|ltj4 kf6L{sf] Ps lgi7fjfg JolQmsf] ?kdf lrlgg' x'GYof] . pxfFsf] of] c;fdlos lgwgn] d :tAw ePsf] 5' . pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] kf6L{k|lt ;b}j ;dlk{t Ps s'zn ;+u7gstf{nfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 / Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] b]z / hgtfsf] ;jf{ËL0f lxtdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] Ps of]Uo ;f+;bnfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 . of] b'Mvb 38Ldf d lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5' / zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5' .

-lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf_
;efklt
Pj+
k|wfgdGqL

---

>fj0f !#, @)^$
zf]s ;Gb]z

g]kfnL sfFu|]; kj{tsf k|v/ g]tf jt{dfg ;+;bsf ;b:o dfggLo l8NnL/fh zdf{sf] ndh'ªsf] a];Lzx/df x[bof3ftaf6 cfsl:ds lgwg x'g uPsf]df d :tAw ePsf] 5' .
:j=zdf{ Ps l;4fGtlgi7, OdfGbf/ /fhgLltsdL{ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] nf]stGqsf] ;+3if{df 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 / pxfFn] ljleGg k6s nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf h]n oftgf, nf7L / c>'UofF; ;xg ub}{ ;+3if{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' eof] . pRr g}ltstf ePsf l8NnL/fhhL cfkm\gf] cfbz{af6 h:tf];'s} ;+s6 kbf{ klg slxNo} ljrlnt x'g' ePg . pxfFsf] of] b'Mvb lgwgn] g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf nflu Ps ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
ljklQsf] o; 38Ldf l8NnL/fhhLsf ;Dk"0f{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/k|lt ulx/f] ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ :juL{o cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

-/fdrGb| kf}8]n_
dxfdGqL
Pj+
dGqL—zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f

---

>fj0f !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; kj{t lhNnfsf g]tf, k"j{ ;xfos dGqL tyf kj{t lhNnf If]q g+= @ af6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw ;efsf jt{dfg ;b:o l8NnL/fh zdf{sf] ^! jif{sf] pd]/df cfh >fj0f !# ut] laxfg nDh'ª a]zLzx/df x[bo3ftaf6 b'Mvb lgwg eof] . h]n ;'wf/ ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] g]t[Tj u/L pxfF h]n lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf oxL >fj0f !@ sf lbg nDh'ª hfg' ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3af6 /fhgLlt z'? u/L kf6L{sf] ljleGg txdf /x]/ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf cgj/t ?kn] nflu /xg' ePsf :juL{o zdf{n] cg]s k6s h]nsf] oftgf a]xf]g'{ ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] cjlw;Dd ljleGg :yfgdf lzIfs eP/ pxfFn] sfd ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] of] b'Mvb lgwgaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngn] Ps xf]gxf/ JolQmTj u'dfPsf] 5 . kf6L{sf nflu of] ck"/0fLo Iflt xf] . pxfFsf] of] c;fdlos lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] zf]s JoQm ub{5 / pxfFsf] cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{, pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

:juL{o zdf{sf] zjnfO{ cfh} nDh'ªaf6 NofP/, clGtd >4f~hnLsf] lgldQ— ck/fGx ! b]lv #M#) ah];Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ;DdfggLo ;efd'v, dGqLx?, ;f+;bx?, lhNnf ;efkltx?, eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3sf cWoIfx? nufot 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?n] :j= zdf{df >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cfh} ck/fGx $ ah] pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . :juL{o zdf{nfO{ clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug{ kz'klt cfo{3f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, cGo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, ;f+;bx?, lhNnf ;efklt, :juL{o zdf{sf cfkmGthgx? nufot 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnL sfFu|];n] l8NnL/fh zdf{sf] lgwgdf ef]ln ! lbg kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aGb u/L kf6L{sf] em08f cfwf em'sfP/ zf]s JoQm ug]{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

@)^$ >fj0f ^ ut] hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] @^ cf}F k'0o :d[lt lbj;sf] cj;/df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf, If]q, gu/, ufpF tyf j8f tx;Dd j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;ef, uf]i7L nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{sf dfWodåf/f cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] tof/Lsf] k|f/De ug]{ u/L eJotfsf ;fy dgfpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} >fj0f ( ut] hggfos aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsL wd{kTgL tyf g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs ;+3if{df ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbP/ ;Dk"0f{ hLjg b]z, hgtf / k|hftGqdf ;dlk{t ug]{ >LdtL ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfsf] !# cf}F lbgnfO{ zf]s÷>4f~hnL ;ef ug]{ lg0f{o ;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:o, k"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, dfggLo ;f+;b, k"j{ ;f+;bx?nfO{ &% j6} lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] o; cl3 g} v6fO;s]sf] 5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf;Fu ci6«]lnofsf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Graeme Lade n] cfh kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, aL=kL= gu/, ;fg]kfdf e]6 ug'{ eof] . pxfFsf ;fydf North and South Asia Branch, Australian Government sf ljZn]ifs Grahame Carroll klg x'g'x'GYof] .
e]6sf qmddf g]kfndf x'g u}/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, zflGt ;'/Iff nufot ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] .
pSt e]63f6df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, s]Gb|Lo ;b:oåo >L nId0fk|;fb l3ld/] / >L ;'lgns'df/ e08f/Lsf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

>fj0f !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

kfFry/ lhNnf, yk'{ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ ldqnfn sf]O/fnfnfO{ %÷& hgfsf] c1ft ;d"xn] pxfFs} 3/leq k|j]z u/L v's'/Ln] lxsf{O{ lgd{d / kfzljs tj/n] lxhf] /flt s/La !)M#) ah]lt/ ;'Tg t/v/df nflu/x]sf] a]nf xTof ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ljutsf] ;z:q åGbsf qmddf pxfFsf] 3/, hUuf / ;a} ;DklQ dfcf]jfbLn] sAhf ub}{ cfPsf lyP / kl5Nnf] qmddf pxfFsf] ;DklQ dWo] 3/ / 3/af/L dfcf]jfbLaf6 lkmtf{ ePkl5 3/ dd{t u/L ToxfF a:b} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kLl8t sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf] n'l6Psf] ;a} ;DklQ lkmtf{ u/fpg cbfntdf ;d]t d'2f bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] / ;f] d'2f lkmtf{ lngsf nflu ljut s]xL ;dob]lv dfcf]jfbLx?n] af/Daf/ pxfFnfO{ wDsL lb+b} cfPsf lyP .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg], JolQm xTofdf ;+nUg /xg] h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"xnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
ldqnfn sf]O/fnfsf] xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj

---

c;f/ @(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

hggfos aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsL wd{kTgL tyf g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs ;+3if{df ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbP/ ;Dk"0f{ hLjg b]z, hgtf / k|hftGqdf ;dlk{t ug]{ >LdtL ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfsf] cfh @)^$ c;f/ @( ut] laxfg (M!% df b]xfGt eof] .
pxfFsf] hGd lj=;+= !(*) slknj:t'sf] tf}lnxjfdf ePsf] lyof] . :j= sdnfk|;fb zdf{sL ;'k'qL :j= ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfsf] lj=;+= !((# df aL=kL=sf]O/fnf;Fu ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . jgf/; / lktfhL s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] :yflkt u/]sf] lj/f6gu/sf] cfbz{ xfO:s"naf6 k|f/lDes lzIff xfl;n ug]{ ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfn] agf/; lxGb' ljZjljBfnodf cWoog ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
g[To ljBfdf ljz]if cle?rL /fVg] :j= ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfn]— sTys / e/t gf6\odsf] ljz]if 1fg xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] s]xL jif{ lj/f6gu/ tyf sf7df8f}Fdf gf6\o k|lzIf0f :s"n klg ;+rfng ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . slxn] s'g} /fhgLlts kbdf g/x]/ lg:jfy{ efjn] pxfF b]z, hgtf / k|hftGqsf] ;jf]{kl/ lxtdf cgj/t ?kn] nflu/xg' eof] . pxfFsf] of] lg:jfy{ ;]jf efjgfn] k|]/0ff / k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . pxfFsf] oxL ;/n, lg:jfy{ / b]z / hgtfk|ltsf] pRr cfbz{n] g]kfnL sfFu|]; o;sf cfufdL cg]sf}F kL9LnfO{ pT;fx k|bfg ul//xg]5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfsf] of] b'Mvb lgwgdf ulx/f] zf]s JoQm ub{5 . :yfkgfsfnb]lv pxfFn] of] kf6L{df k'¥ofPsf] clt dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Oltxf;df lr/sfn;Dd pNn]vgLo cWofo eP/ /lx/xg]5g\ . pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cleefjssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ Ps dxfg cfTdfnfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 . of] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lgldQ Ps ck"/0fLo Iflt xf] . of] b'Mvb If0fdf pxfFsf ;'k'qx?— k|sfz sf]O/fnf, >Lxif{ sf]O/fnf, 8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf tyf 5f]/L r]tgf nufot ;Dk"0f{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf ck{0f ub{5 .
pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ >4f~hnLsf nflu sf7df8f}F dxf/fhu~h l:yt pxfFs} lgjf;df cfh ck/fGx $ ah];Dd /flvg]5 / ck/fGx $ ah] cGTo]i7Lsf nflu kz'klt cfo{3f6 nlug] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;'zLnf sf]O/fnfsf] lgwgdf cfhb]lv # lbg;Dd kf6L{sf] em08f cfwf em'sfP/ zf]s JoQm ug]{5 . pSt # lbg kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;lxt ;a} txsf kf6L{ sfof{nox? aGb ul/g]5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ @^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ >fj0f ^ ut] hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] @^ cf}F k'0o :d[lt lbj;sf cj;/df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf, If]q, gu/, ufpF tyf j8f tx;Dd j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;ef, uf]i7L nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{sf dfWodåf/f cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] tof/Lsf] k|f/De ug]{ u/L eJotfsf ;fy dgfpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 / ;f] sfo{qmd cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:o, k"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, dfggLo ;f+;b, k"j{ ;f+;bx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ &% j6} lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] v6fPsf] 5 .

vl6Psf] lhNnf s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw
!= tfKn]h'ª j]g'k/fh k|;fO{
@= kfFry/ xl/k|;fb ;fksf]6f
#= Onfd 8f= uf]kfnk|;fb sf]O/fnf
$= emfkf czf]s sf]O/fnf
%= ;+v'jf;ef dL7f/fd ljZjsdf{
^= t]x|y'd /fw]Zofd clwsf/L
&= ef]hk'/ xl/x/ bfxfn
*= wgs'6f t]hk|;fb l;6f}nf
(= df]/ª dx]z cfrfo{
!)= ;'g;/L rqmk|;fb afF:tf]nf
!!= ;f]n'v'Da' b]j]Gb|/fh sF8]n
!@= vf]6fª Psgfy /fgfef6
!#= cf]vn9'+uf /fdxl/ 9'+u]n
!$= pbok'/ kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L
!%= ;Kt/L s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf
!^= l;/xf s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf
!&= bf]nvf tfl/0fLbQ r6f}t
!*= /fd]5fk ljh'n ljZjsdf{
!(= l;Gw'nL >LdtL dLgf kf08]
@)=wg'iff 8f= z]v/ sf]O/fnf
@!= dxf]Q/L >LdtL nLnf sf]O/fnf
@@= ;nf{xL /fdrGb| kf}8]n
@#= /;'jf uf]kfn/fh kxf8L
@$=wflbª l;4/fh cf]emf
@%= g'jfsf]6 >LdtL ;'k|ef l3ld/]
@^= sf7df8f}+ ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=
@&= eQmk'/ cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf
@*=nlntk'/ anaxfb'/ /fO{
@(= sfe|] s]=aL=u'?ª
#)=l;Gw'kfNrf]s lzjs'df/ a:g]t
#!= dsjfgk'/ kmd"{Nnfx dG;'/
#@= /f}tx6 ;'hftf sf]O/fnf
##= af/f lbnaxfb'/ 3tL{
#$= k;f{ dxGy 7fs'/
#%= lrtjg eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª
#^= uf]/vf x[bo/fd yfgL
#&= dgfª /fdaxfb'/ u'?ª
#*= nDh'ª dxfb]j u'?ª
#(= sf:sL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj
$)= tgx'F /]jtLk|;fb e';fn
$!= :ofªhf nId0fk|;fb l3ld/]÷ljgoWjh rGb÷;'lgns'df/ e08f/L
$@= u'NdL b"of]{wg l;+x rf}w/L
$#= kfNkf /fdrGb| ltjf/L
$$=c3f{vfFrL l8NnL/fh zdf{
$%= gjnk/f;L uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL
$^= ?kGb]xL 8f= /fdz/0f dxt
$&= slknj:t' dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{
$*= d':tfª uf]ljGbk|;fb zdf{ sF8]n
$(= DofUbL ;'zLndfg z]/rg
%)= afUn'ª /f]dL uf}rg ysfnL
%!= kj{t xl/eQm clwsf/L
%@= ?s'd ;'/]Gb| xdfn
%#= /f]Nkf s[i0fk|;fb uf}td
%$= Ko"7fg n]vgfy cfrfo{
%%= ;Nofg s}nfzgfy s;f}wg u'Ktf
%^= bfª ;'/]Gb|k|;fb rf}w/L
%&= 8f]Nkf ltnsk|;fb Gof}kfg]
%*= d'u' /+uaxfb'/ zfxL
%(= h'Dnf lbgaGw' >]i7
^)= sflnsf]6 rqmaxfb'/ zfxL
^!= x'Dnf d'lQmk|;fb zdf{
^@= hfh/sf]6 1fg' s]=;L=
^#= b}n]v /fdaxfb'/ lji6
^$= ;'v]{t z+s/k|;fb kf08]o
^%= afFs] ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
^^= jlb{of lzj/fh hf]zL -;'v]{t_
^&= afh'/f ;'/]z dNn
^*= c5fd rGb|l;+x e§/fO{
^(= aemfª k'is/gfy cf]emf
&)= 8f]6L lx/fbQ e§
&!= s}nfnL z'qm/fh zdf{
&@= bfr'{nf lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"
&#= a}t8L u+ufbQ hf]zL
&$= 88]Nw'/f hgs/fh lu/L
&%= s~rgk'/ 8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

>fj0f ^ — hggfos aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] @^ cf}F k'0o :d[lt lbj; xf] . ;Djt\ @)#( >fj0f ^ ut] pxfFsf] lgwg ePsf] lyof] . k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf, /fli6«o lxt k|j4{g Pj+ hgtfsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf] lgldQ aL=kL=n] k6s–k6s cg]s hf]lvdx?;Fu ;fdgf ul//xg' k¥of] . t/ cfˆgf] cf:yf, cfˆgf] cfbz{ / l;4fGtaf6 clnslt klg kl5 gx6]/, b]z / hgtfsf] lxt / xssf] lgldQ nl8/xg] pxfF Ps dxfg /fi6«jfbL /fhg]tf x'g'x'GYof], Ps lrGts x'g'x'GYof] / o'ugfos x'g'x'GYof] . ltg} o'ugfos tyf /fli6«o Pstf / d]nldnfksf] gLltsf k|0f]tfsf] @^ cf}F k'0o :d[lt lbj; g]kfne/ lhNnf, If]q, gu/, ufpF tyf j8f tx;Dd j[Iff/f]k0f, /Qmbfg, ;ef, uf]i7L nufotsf /rgfTds sfo{ u/L dgfpg g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;a} lhNnf sfo{;ldlt / eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ !(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
lxhf] c;f/ !* ut] ;fFem s/La % ah] gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] e"hxjf uf=lj=;= df # j6f df]6/ ;fOsndf cfPsf ^ hgf dfcf]jfbLx?dWo] @ hgf xltof/wf/Ln] uf]nL rnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; e'hxjf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf pk;efklt uf]a/L ofbjsf] xTof ul/lbPsf
5g\ . pxfFsf] 36\gf :ynd} d[To' ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ltg} dfcf]jfbLx?n] g]kfnL sfFu|]; If]q g+= # sf lgjt{dfg If]qLo ;efklt j]rO{ ofbjnfO{ uf]nL xfgL 3fOt] agfPsf / lgh 3fOt] cj:yfdf g} efUg vf]Hbf dfcf]jfbLsf sfo{stf{x?n] lgd{d tj/n] 9'+uf / nf7L k|xf/ u/L pxfFsf] klg xTof ul/lbPsf 5g\ . o; cl3b]lv g} dfcf]jfbLx?n] lgjt{dfg If]qLo ;efklt j]rO{ ofbjnfO{ xTof ug]{ wDsL lb+b} cfPsf lyP .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbLx?sf] lqmofsnfk, Jojxf/ / rl/qdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx? cem} klg lx+;fTds ultljlwåf/f hgtfnfO{ ql;t / eok"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ p2t e}/x]sf 5g\ . g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg ;sf/fTds ;f]r, lrGtg / Jojjxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf] / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g g;s]sf] k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ pQm 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lx+;fTds ultljlw gug{ klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 .
o:tf lx+;fTds lqmofsnfk u/L ;dfhdf eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] h'g;'s} tTj, ;d"x, JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;'b[9 / ;zQm agfO{ hgtfsf] afFRg kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ 7f];\ sbd rfNg klg ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lgjt{dfg If]qLo ;efklt j]rO{ ofbj / e'hxjf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf pk;efklt uf]a/L ofbjsf] xTofsf] 36\gfaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . pxfFx?df g]kfnL sfFu|]; efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ !^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
k|ltli7t pBf]uklt, ;dfh;]jL Pj+ uf]N5f cu{gfOh]zgsf cWoIf x'nf;rGb| uf]N5fsf] lxhf] laxfg sf7df8f}Fsf] ;LtfkfOnf l:yt cfˆg} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . pxfF nfdf] ;dob]lv d'6, dw'd]x nufotsf /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . &# jifL{o :j= uf]N5f l;+ufk'/df pkrf/ u/fP/ kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . @)!@ ;fnb]lv Joj;fodf k|j]z u/]sf :j= uf]N5fsf bh{gf} pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, sDkgL g]kfndf /x]sf 5g\ . :j= uf]N5f g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf pkfWoIf, g]kfn ;d'Gb|kf/ lgsf;L k}7f/L ;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf, ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBd ;DaGwL ljZj ;+u7gsf ;+:yfks Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o cWoIf, g]kfn /fli6«o df/jf8L ;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf /lx;Sg' ePsf] 5 . :j= uf]N5f u0ftGq kf]Nof08sf] g]kfnsf nflu cj}tlgs dxfjfl0fHob"tsf kbdf ;d]t sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . y'k|} cf}Bf]lus, Jofj;flos, ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s ;+3–;+:yf;Fu cfj4 /xg' ePsf :j= uf]N5fsf] ;flxTodf klg ?lr lyof] . :j= uf]N5fsf >LdtL, rf/ 5f]/f, ^ gflt / tLg gfltgL x'g'x'G5 .
x'nf;rGb| uf]N5fsf] lgwgaf6 /fi6«nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 / g]kfnn] Ps k|ltli7t pBf]uklt Pj+ ;dfh;]jLnfO{ u'dfPsf] 5 . pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

wg'iff lhNnf o1e"ld uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # s]z/s'6L lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o b]j/fh l3ld/]sf] lxhf] wg'iffdf df]6/ ;fOsn b'3{6gf kl/ pkrf/sf qmddf cfh laxfg sf7df8f}Fdf c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfFsL >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/f x'g'x'G5 . :j= l3ld/sf] bfx;+:sf/ cfh} kz'klt cfo{3f6df ul/of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] :j= l3ld/]df clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo bnsf d'Vo ;r]ts cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgfn] klg pxfFdf efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
lqmofzLn ;b:o b]j/fh l3ld/]sf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt x'Dnfsf ;x;lrj Kof/]nfn zfxLsf bfh' g]qaxfb'/ zfxLnfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] ckx/0f u/L xTof ul/lbPsf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ @)^# ;fn kmfNu'0f @^ ut] laxfg >Ld:tf uf=lj=;=sf] bjL{af6 dfcf]jfbLx?— ;'/lj/ P]l8 -kLl8t_, sdn P]8L -j;Gt_, z]/axfb'/ kfn -;}kfn_, xs{lj/ a'9f -hg;]js_, chlj/ a'9f -c6'6_, / gGbaxfb'/ zfxL -gjLg_ n] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP . @)^$ cfiff9 % ut] a]n'sf %, ^ ah]lt/ >Lgu/ eGg] 7fpFdf d'u'lt/ aUg] s0ff{nL gbLsf] lsgf/df 9'Ëfdf afFw]sf] cj:yfdf >L zfxLsf] d[t z/L/ k|x/Låf/f e]6fOPsf] 5 .
cGtl/d ;/sf/ / Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;d]t ;fd]n eO{ ;s]sf dfcf]jfbLx?sf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ dfcf]jfbLsf] pSt dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, e;{Tgf / lj/f]w ub{5 . o; 36\gfdf ;+nUg ;a} bf]ifLx?nfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
>L g]qaxfb'/ zfxLsf] b'Mvb xTofk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFdf >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 . o; 36gfaf6 ddf{xt x'g' ePsf g]kfnL sfFu|]; x'Dnfsf ;x;lrj Kof/]nfn zfxL nfufot pxfFsf] ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf lqmofzLn ;b:o j'4 kl08tsf] uP /flt c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfF g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf] k"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o / xfn cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgfdf pxfFn] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 g]kfn ls;fg ;+3 / kf6L{nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ cfh} kz'klt cfo{3f6df bfx;+:sf/ ul/of] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL Pj+ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]nn] kf6L{sf] em08f cf]9fP/ pxfFdf clGtd >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pxfFsf] c;fdlos lgwgk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf dfggLo ;b:o ;'zLn sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo kl/If0fsf qmddf clxn] cd]l/sfdf /xg' ePsf] 5 . lxhf] c;f/ & ut] pxfFsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn pxfFsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 .
ut @)^# >fj0fdf pxfFsf] hLj|f] / 3fF6Ldf ;d:of b]lvsf]n] cd]l/sf l:yt d]df]l/on :nf]g Sof6\l/ª SofG;/ ;]G6/df ;kmn zNolqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] sf] kmnf]cksf nflu pxfF cd]l/sf hfg' ePsf] xf] .
cd]l/sf a;fOFsf qmddf pk;efklt sf]O/fnf;Fu g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L, ;b:ox? / cd]l/sfdf cWoog Pj+ /f]huf/sf nflu a;]sf g]kfnLx?n] pxfFnfO{ e]6L g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts j:t'l:yltsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lnPsf lyP .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dfcf]jfbLsf] dhb"/ ;+u7gl;t ;Dj4 clvn g]kfn ;~rf/, 5fkfvfgf / k|sfzg dhb"/ ;+3sf] gfdaf6 s:6'd/ ;f]n';g k|f=ln=sf s]xL klqsf ljt/sx?n] ljleGg df+u /fvL 5fkfvfgf 3]/fp, k|bz{g, gf/fafhL h:tf ultljlw u/L k|sfzgdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv lgoldt ?kdf k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf] g]kfn ;dfrf/kq /fli6«o b}lgs / dxfgu/ ;GWofsflng b}lgssf] k|sfzg aGb u/fPsf 5g\ .
nfvf}F kf7ssf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/dfly ePsf] x:tIf]ksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; v]b, lj/f]w / eT;{gf ub{5 . s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jftf{sf dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'Fbf hgtfnfO{ ;";"lrt ug]{ dfWodnfO{ g} cj/f]w gk'¥ofpg ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
kfFry/ lhNnf lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf *) jifL{o clDasfk|;fb s]?ªsf] pxfFsf] lgjf;:yfg /x]sf] hf]/kf]v/L ef/kfdf lxhf] lgwg eof] . pxfF @)!* ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df lqmofzLn /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . @)@% ;fnsf] cfddfkmL ePkl5 klg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cltjfbL gLltsf sf/0f pxfF :jb]z kms{g ;Sg' ePsf] lyPg . @)$^ ;fnkl5 dfq pxfF :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF lg/Gt/ kf6L{df lqmofzLn /xL of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] of]ubfg ;x«fxgLo / :d/0fof]Uo /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 kf6L{nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFsf Ps 5f]/f, Ps 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; tfKn]h'ªsf dxf;ldlt ;b:o dl0f nfj'ªnfO{ lxhf] c;f/ $ ut] pxfFs} lgjf; :yfg /x]sf] Ovfj' uf=lj=;=df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgs6 of]Ë sDo'lgi6 lnu -jfOl;Pn_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] xftkft ug'{sf ;fy} pxfFnfO{ ckx/0f ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . pxfFnfO{ s]xL ;do kl5 rf]6k6s nfu]sf] cj:yfdf 5f]l8lbPsf 5g\ .
cGtl/d ;/sf/ / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf ;d]t ;d]t ;xefuL eO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg] nIodf pGd'v /x]sf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ltgsf sfo{stf{x?df cem} klg Jojxf/df kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf cdfgjLo s[ofsnfksf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg / lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts bnsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug{ r]tfjgL ;fy cfu|x ub{5 .
zflGt ;'Joj:yf vNaNofpg] h'g;'s} ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

c;f/ %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw k|]daxfb'/ xdfnsf] lxhf] laxfg $ ah] h'Dnf lhNnfsf] l;hf l:yt pxfFs} lgjf;df lgwg eof] . ^^ jifL{o xdfn ljut s]xL ;dob]lv c:j:y x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;efklt / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 h'Dnf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf b'O{ k6s;Dd ;efklt x'g' ePsf] lyof] . @)!% ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;lqmo /xg' ePsf :j= xdfnn] k|hftGq :yfkgf / k'g:yf{kgf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] # 5f]/f / # 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfh Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ eGg' ePsf] 5—
æg]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw k|]daxfb'/ xdfnsf] lgwgsf] va/n] dnfO{ b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . :j= xdfnn] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . lbj+ut cfTdf lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df d xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .Æ
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o lbgaGw' >]i7n] k|]daxfb'/ xdfnsf] lgwgdf b'Mv JoQm ub}{ cfh Ps zf]s jQmJo lbP/ eGg' ePsf] 5—
æ:j= k|]daxfb'/ xdfnsf] lgwgsf] ;dfrf/n] d cToGt b'MvLt ePsf] 5' . nfdf] ;do;Dd kf6L{df /x]/ pxfFn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfg ;bf :d/0fLo /xg]5 . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 h'Dnfdf g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ 7"nf] Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5' / zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .Æ
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

-!_ g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf u'?/fh l3ld/]nfO{ lxhf] a]n'sf !)M#) ah] lt/ 3/ kms{b} ubf{ sf7df8f}Fsf] alQ;k'tnL l:yt åf/sfh xf]6n lg/ ;8sdf a;]sf jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] pxfF r9\g' ePsf] df]6/ ;fOsnnfO{ hjh{:tL /f]Sg nufO{ ck|Toflzt ?kdf pxfFnfO{ s'6lk6 u/L 3fOt] agfPsf 5g\ . df]6/ ;fOsn g]lj;+3sf csf{ sfo{stf{ gjLg l/hfnn] rnfpg' ePsf] lyof] / k"j{ cWoIf u'?/fh df]6/ ;fOsnsf] k5fl8kl§ a:g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] lgwf/, bflxg] cfFvfsf] 5]pdf rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . lrpF8f] sfl6Psf] 5 . clxn] pxfFsf] sf7df8f}F l:yt cf]d gl;{ª c:ktfndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 .
-@_ wflbª lhNnf ;f+sf]if uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ a:g] gj/fh e§sf 5f]/f s[i0f e§nfO{ jfOl;Pnsf lhNnf OGrfh{ z}n]z -dg/fh e08f/L_ n] d'/nL eHofË uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ sf] dfcf]jfbLx? a:g] SofDkdf nuL lgd{dtfk"j{s s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ .
-#_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt ?s'dsf ;lrj k|]dk|sfz cf]nLsf] nufgLdf ;+rflnt g]kfnu~h gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ gofF ;8s l:yt ;kgf ;lkË sDKn]S;df lxhf] /flt s/La !@÷! ah]sf] ;dodf cfPsf !)÷!@ hgfsf] c1ft ;d"xn] ;6/x? tf]8kmf]8 u/L s]xL gub ;lxt ljleGg /]l8d]8 sk8f nufotsf nfvf}F ?k}ofF af/fa/sf ;fdfu|Lx? rf]/L ul/ nu]sf 5g\ .
cGtl/d ;/sf/ / cGtl/d Joj:yflksf— ;+;bdf ;d]t ;xefuL ePsf dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6 ;+u7gx?sf] ultljlwdf cem} klg s'g} ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] / jfOl;onsf gfddf cftÍ u/L eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]lhPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] lrGtf JoQm ub}{ jfOl;onsf] o:tf] cjf+l5t ultljlwsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . jfOl;Pn dfkm{t sf7df8f}Fsf] alQ;k'tnLdf g]lj;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf u'?/fh l3ld/] dfly ul/Psf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0f / wflbªdf 36fOPsf] 36\gf tyf c1ft ;d"xn] g]kfnu~hdf u/]sf] n'6kf6sf] klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg / cfˆgf lgs6 ;+u7gx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg'sf ;fy} cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf ?kdf k|:t't x'g g]skf dfcf]jfbL;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x jf tTjnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 #), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o Pj+ wg'iff lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o t'n;f cfrfo{sf] zflGtk'/ uf=lj=;= l:yt % ljufxf hldg ut h]7 # ut] hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -uf]Ot_ ;d"n] cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf 5g\ .
:jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|To]s JolQmdf cGt/lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] pNn+3g h'g;'s} tTj jf ;d"xaf6 ePtfklg Tof] u}/ sfg"gL x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf] u}/ sfg"gL / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;b}j lj/f]w ub{5 . pxfFsf] ;DklQ lkmtf{ ug{'sf ;fy} o:tf ultljlw gug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ;+rfng ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj jf ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

af/f lgjf{rg If]q g+= ! dx]Gb| cfbz{ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # lgjf;L #) jifL{o gjnlszf]/ ;fxsf] oxL h]7 @% ut] lbNnL l:yt cn Ol08of OlG:6Ro"6 P08 d]l8sn ;fOG;df pkrf/sf qmddf c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfFnfO{ ;k{n] 6f]s]/ pkrf/sf nflu ;f] c:ktfndf nluPsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lqmofzLn ;b:o Pj+ lhNnf clwj]zg k|ltlglw x'g'x'GYof] .
>L gjnlszf]/ ;fxsf] c;fdlos lgwgk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @%, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dxf]Q/L lhNnf lx/fk'/ uf=lj=;= cfa/ a/bfxf lgjf;L @* jifL{o /fdbofn ofbjnfO{ lxhf] h]7 @$ ut] /flt !!M$% ah] !$÷!% hgfsf] ;d"xdf cfPsf d's'08f] nufPsf c1ft xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] n'6kf6 u/L uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf 5g\ . pkrf/sf nflu PDa'n]G;af6 hgsk'/ n}hfFb} ubf{ aLr af6f]df g} pxfFsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . pxfF hgsk'/ cf/=cf/=SofDk;sf k"j{ o'lgog ;efklt Pj+ g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 bzf}F dxflwj]zgsf s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] .
h'g;'s} tTj jf ;d"xn] of] 36\gf 36fPsf] ePtfklg g]kfnL sfFu|]; o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b JoQm ub{5 . JolQm xTof u/]/ zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofO{ qf; / eosf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTjnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug'{ k5{ . of] 36\gf bf]ifLx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xLsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
pxfFsf] xTofsf] 36\gfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

lxhf] h]7 @! ut] ck/fGx s/La !M#) ah] jL/u~h gu/sf] cfbz{gu/ rf]s l:yt ;f]gflnsf 6\ofS6/sf] zf] ?ddf Ps ckl/lrt JolQm k|j]z u/L s]xL ckzAb k|of]u ub}{ cGwfw'Gw uf]nL k|xf/ ubf{ ;f] zf] ?ddf pkl:yt cd/k§L O6ofxL, k;f{ lgjf;L cho rf}/l;ofsf] d[To' ePsf] tyf zf] ?dsf wgL Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o ;Togf/fo0f t'n:yfg tyf cGo b'O{ hgf ;Vt 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . pxfFx? tLg} hgfnfO{ x]lnsf]K6/åf/f sf7df8f}F NofO{ clxn] XofD; c:ktfn, j'4gu/, sf7df8f}Fdf pkrf/fy{ egf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
uf]nLåf/f xTof ul/Psf cho rf}/l;ofk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 . ;fy} 3fOt] x'g' ePsf ;Togf/fo0f t'n:yfg nufot cGo b'O{ hgfsf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5 . uf]ln xfGg] pSt JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{sf nflu ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; sf7df8f}F If]q g+= @ sf If]qLo ;efklt Pj+ dxf;ldlt ;b:o k/z'/fd kf]v/]nnfO{ ut h]7 @) ut] /flt s/La (M#) ah] sf7df8f}Fsf] uf]s0f{ l:yt eujtL dlGb/sf] psfnf]df dfcf]jfbL lgs6 ;+u7g jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] 3]/f xfnL cdfgjLo Jojxf/ k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ . eujtL dlGb/sf] psfnf]sf] 6'Kkf]df $ hgf / psfnf]sf] df]8df $ hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;]sf jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] pxfFsf] uf8LnfO{ /f]Sg vf]h]sf lyP . t/ ;8s km/flsnf] ePsf]n] pxfFn] uf8L /ˆtf/df bf}8fpg' eof] . t/ dfly kl§sf] ;8s ;f3'/f] / df]8 ePsfn] uf8LnfO{ k'gM 3]/f xfnL jfOl;Pnsf sfo{stf{x?n] uf8L tf]8kmf]8 ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ædfcf]jfbLÆ nfO{ a9L glh:Sofpg' xf];\ cGoyf g/fd|f] kl/0ffd x'g ;Sg] wDsL ;d]t pgLx?n] lbPsf 5g\ .

cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf ;+u7gsf sfo{stf{x?sf] Jojxf/df s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf cdfgjLo tyf u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lgGbf, v]b / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg dfcf]jfbL / ltgsf lgs6td ;+u7gnfO{ r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ;+rfng u/L zflGt ;'/Iff vNaNofpg vf]Hg] h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; /;'jfsf] ;+u7g lj:tf/ sfo{qmd cGt/ut /;'jf lhNnfsf] w}j'ª uf=lj=;=sf j8f g+= * / ( sf] Hofªnfª l:yt sfo{stf{ e]nfdf /fk|kf / g]skf Pdfn];Fu cfj4 &) hgf :yfgLo g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfbz{, l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;Ifd / s'zn g]t[Tjk|lt cfslif{t eO{ ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . pSt cj;/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efklt y'Kt]g nf]K;fª nfdf, dxf;ldlt ;b:o pk]Gb|/fh nD;fn, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf hgs hLjg pkfWofo nufotsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
o;/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug]{x?df— w}j'ª uf=lj=;=Hofª\nfª k'ik/fh b]jsf]6f, s[i0faxfb'/ Unfg, ;]t] lyª, xs{axfb'/ tfdfª, s]zj kf}8]n, rGb|axfb'/ tfdfª, s]bf/gfy b]jsf]6f, /fdaxfb'/ tfdfª, 7'nL dfof tfdfª, uf]/] df]Qmfg, ;fg" sfG5L df]Qmfg, jf;' kf}8]n, dfs'/L dfof tfdfª, k"0f{k|;fb kf}8]n, sfG5Ldfof tfdfª, ;f]ds'df/L b]jsf]6f, sfOnLdfof tfdfª, 7"nL dfof nfdf, 1fg' dfof tfdfª, lxtaxfb'/ tfdfª, nId0f tfdfª, ;fg'dfof tfdfª, t]hk|;fb kf}8]n, ;l/tf kf}8]n, x]dgfy kf}8]n, rqmaxfb'/ tfdfª, afns[i0f kf}8]n, k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n, ?b|k|;fb kf}8]n, /fdaxfb'/ tfdfª, sfdL ;fsL{ tfdfª, jfj'nfn tfdfª, /fd|Ldfof tfdfª, dfntL tfdfª, 1fg' tfdfª, /fdaxfb'/ tfdfª, j;GtL tfdfª, uf]kL tfdfª, lbk]g tfdfª, aL/axfb'/ tfdfª, k|df]b tfdfª -ljof]u_, ;"o{ tfdfª, ch'{g tfdfª, km'ndfof tfdfª, h+uaxfb'/ tfdfª, b]jsL kf}8]n, v];daxfb'/ tfdfª, lji0f'axfb'/ tdfª, uf]kL d'Qmfg, s[i0faxfb'/ nf]krg, s0f{axfb'/ tfdfª, lrq]kfgLsf d+un] yf]qmf, a]qfªsf nfSkf tfdfª, ;/:o"sf /fdaxfb'/ tfdfª, lhjlhj]sf s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n, 9'+u]sf l8naxfb'/ nf], a]tfª uf=lj=;=sf g]djfª\b] tfdfª x'g'x'G5 .
To;}u/L ef]n]{ uf=lj=;=sf nfSkf tfdfª, cfOt tfdfª, nfDkf l;+uL tfdfª, l5l/ª 3n], 5]jfª tfdfª, 1fgaxfb'/ tfdfª, ;'Aaf l3l;ª, k]df z]kf{, adaxfb'/ tfdfª, of] l;+uL tfdfª, sfdL lkmGhf] z]kf{ x'g'x'G5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf cfdlGqt ;b:o Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo bnsf d'Vo ;r]ts cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgfsf] wg'iffsf] uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;= l:yt hUuf Hjfnf l;+x ;d"xn] sAhfdf lnO{ em08f ufl8lbPsf 5g\ / pxfFsf sfsfx?sf] ;d]t hUuf sAhfdf lnO{ em08f ufl8Psf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ x]/Daaxfb'/ yfkfsf] o1e"ld uf=lj=;= l:yt hUuf, g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o eutaxfb'/ nfdfsf hUuf, s]bf/ l;+xsf hUuf nufot g]kfnL sfFu|];sf cGo sfo{stf{x?sf] ls;fgk'/ 6f]nsf hUufx? Hjfnf l;+x ;d"xn] sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; g'jfsf]6 lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt hubLZj/g/l;+x s]=;L= nufot sfo{;ldltsf ;x;lrj bfdf]b/ pk|]tL, ;b:o hfg'sf l3ld/], g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sL lhNnf cWoIf ljGbf cof{n nufotsf g]tfx? kf6L{sf] sfddf ufpF kms{g] qmddf ldlt @)^$ h]7 !( ut] u0f]z:yfg uf=lj=;=sf] km]bLj]zLdf g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL / jfOl;onsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ pxfFx? r9\g'ePsf] ;jf/L ;fwgdf 9'+ufd'9f ug'{sf ;fy} tf]8kmf]8 ul/Psf 5g\ .
o;}u/L /f]Nkf l:ylt efjfË uf=lj=;=df ljut s]xL ;dob]lv g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLx?n] c/fhs ultljlw ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg nfu]sf kl/jf/x?af6 7"nf] dfqfdf /sdx? c;'nL ub}{ cfO/fv]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot :yfgLo jf;Lx?n] ;f] sfo{sf] lj/f]w u/L cfh;Dd p7fPsf] /sdsf] lx;fa lstfa ;d]t df+u u/]sf 5g\ . o;} 36\gfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] :yfgLo g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ b'Mv lbg], wDSofpg] h:tf c/fhs ultljlw u/]/ dfgl;s kL8f k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g .
o;/L wg'iff lhNnfdf Hjfnf l;+x ;d"xn] u/]sf] sAhf, g'jfsf]6sf] dfcf]jfbL / jfOl;onåf/f 36fOPsf] 36\gf Pj+ /f]Nkf nufotsf 36\gfn] zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ / nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] 3f]/ pkxf; / pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o;sf] 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / v]b k|s6 ub{5 . o:tf lg/+s'z ultljlw ;+rfng u/L cfˆgf] ljrf/ dfq 7Ls c?sf] ljrf/ a]l7s eGg] ljrf/ g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ slxNo} klg dfGo gx'g] s'/f k|i6 kfb}{ o:tf c/fhs ultljlw t'?Gt /f]Sg ;DalGwt ;a} ;d"xnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgLsf ;fy cfu|x ub{5 . o; k|sf/sf cjfFl5t ultljlw ;+rfng ug]{ h'g;'s} ;d"x jf JolQmnfO{ /fHon] s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

lrtjg kbdk'/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo JolQmTj s[i0faxfb'/ b+ufnsf] oxL h]7 * ut] *@ jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] Ps >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / tLg 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 .
@))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGtdf yL/jd dNnsf] g]t[Tjdf jL/u~haf6 pxfF ;+3if{df pqg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF lrtjgdf ufpF :t/b]lv If]q / lhNnfsf ljleGg txdf k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF ef/tLo ;]gfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt x'g'x'GYof] / ;'efifrGb| af];sf] cfhfb lxGb kmf}haf6 ljz]if cg'ej k|fKt JolQmTj ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnf s'Grf]s uf=lj=;= @ lgjf;L lrqaxfb'/ lu/Lsf] pkrf/sf qmddf oxL h]7 !^ ut] %$ jif{sf] pd]/df sf7df8f}Fdf lgwg eof] . @)#^ ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn /xg' ePsf :j= lu/L SofG;/ /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf Ps >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 . pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|]; l;Gw'kfNrf]s If]q g+= @ sf If]qLo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} g]kfnL sfFu|]; lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 !@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

emfkf lhNnfdf /x]sf] e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ lzlj/sf] lg/LIf0f u/L /fi6« ;+3Lo z/0ffyL{ ;DaGwL pRrfof]udf cfpg] qmddf lxhf] lbpF;f] g]kfnsf nflu cd]l/sL /fhb"t h]D; Pkm= df]l/of6L{ r9]sf] uf8Ldf g]skf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 of]Ë sDo'lgi6 lnu -jfO{;LPn_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] 9'Ëf k|xf/ u/]sf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b / cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] nIodf ;l/s ePsf dfcf]jfbLsf ultljlw / lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg s'g} kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . o; 36\gfsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lgGbf, v]b / eT;{gf ub{5 . jfOl;onsf gfddf eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . of] 36gf s'6gLlts dof{bfljk/Lt ePsf] / cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf g} g]kfnsf] 5ljnfO{ ljufg{ vf]lhPsf] k|oTgsf] ?kdf cfPsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 7x/ 5 .
g]skf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ p;sf ;+u7gx? dfkm{t\ b]zdf o:tf s'g} klg c/fhs ultljlw ;+rfng gug{ r]tfjgL lb+b} cfkm"nfO{ lhDd]jf/ ?kdf k|:t't x'g klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlw ug]{ h'g;'s} tTj÷;d"xnfO{ t'?Gt sfo{jfxL ug{ klg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8\bf/ df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

/fli6«o e"ld clwsf/ d~r, g]kfnn] cfˆgf ljleGg df+ux? /fvL ut h]7 & ut]af6 kf6L{ sfof{nodf wgf{ a;]sf]df tL dfux?k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfs[i6 ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+j]bgzLn / ;sf/fTds 5 . ;fy} @)^# c;f]h ! ut] ePsf] ;xdlt sfof{Gjog x'g'kb{5 eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] :ki6 wf/0ff 5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 (, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o dxflwj]zg -@)^$_ af6 lgjf{lrt s]Gb|Lo ;efklt ;'>L clDasf a:g]tnfO{ lgjt{dfg ;efklt >LdtL dLgf kf08]n] cfˆgf] sfo{sfn cjlwdf /x]sf g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfu|Lx? g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o >L lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8"sf] ;d'kl:yltdf x:tfGt/0f ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
x:tfGt/0fsf a]nf lgjt{dfg ;efklt >LdtL dLgf kf08]n] gj lgjf{lrt ;efklt ;'>L clDasf a:g]tnfO{ awfOF lb+b} pxfFsf] sfo{sfnsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf klg ug'{ eof] . o; cjlwdf ;+3n] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL dlxnfsf] lxt / clwsf/sf k|lt gofF prfOF / cu|udg k|fKt ug{ ;kmntf k|fKt x'g] s'/f cfkm" ljZj:t /x]sf] klg pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf ;d"x_ sf sfo{stf{n] cfOtaf/ /flt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;x–dxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjsf] hgsk'/ gu/kflnsf—( l:yt 3/ hUufdf sAhf u/]sf 5g\ . ;x–dxfdGqL ofbjsf] 3/ hUuf sAhf ug'{ cl3 /flt !)M#) ah] ltg} ;d"n] ad klg k8\sfPsf lyP . pgLx?n] 3/df em08f uf8L pxfFsf] 3/ hUuf cfˆgf] sAhfdf /x]sf] Joxf]/fsf] Ps kq klg ToxfF 6fF;]sf
5g\ .

To;}u/L cfOtaf/ g} ;f]xL ;d"xn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo bnsf k|d'v ;r]ts cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgfsf] wg'iff uf]ljGbk'/ uf=lj=;=df /x]sf] 8]9 lj3f hUuf klg sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ .

k"0f{ nf]stGq, hgtfsf] clwsf/ / ;Dk|e'tfsf] nflu n8\b} cfPsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; h:tf] kf6L{sf g]tf Pj+ ;x–dxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj / k|d'v ;r]ts cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgfsf] 3/ hUuf sAhfdf lnO{ pxfFsf kl/jf/hgnfO{ cftlÍt / dfgl;s kL8f lbg] 3[l0ft / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf] cjf+l5t / lx+;fTds ultljlw u/]/ ;dflhs ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ e8\sfpg], eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L /fHo cftÍ dRrfpg vf]Hg] o:tf ;d"xnfO{ /fHon] t'?Gt s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL u/L eo / qf;d'Qm jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg klg g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 / ;fdflhs ;b\efj, eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ vf]Hg] o:tf u}/ cjfl5+t JolQmx?;Fu ;ts{, ;hu / ;r]t x'g klg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfXjfg ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 s]Gb|Lo ;ldltåf/f ljZjljBfno SofDk; sLlt{k'/ ljZjljBfnodf ul/Psf] lg0f{o / sf/jfxLdf k/]sf ;fyLx?sf ;DaGwdf kf6L{n] lgs6 eljiodf Gofof]lrt ;Daf]wg ug]{ kf6L{sf] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L kf6L{ sfof{nodf ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] cfd/0f cg;g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL s]=aL= u'?ªsf] xftaf6 h'; vfO{ tf]8\g' ePsf] 5 . o;/L cg;g a:g] g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf ;fyLx?df— u0f]zaxfb'/ lji6 / t'n;L e§/fO{ x'g'x'G5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 *, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt /;'jfsf] ;+u7g lj:tf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfnL sfFu|]; ef]n]{ uf=lj=;=sf] cfof]hgfdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;efklt >L y'Kt]g nf]K;fª nfdfsf] ;efkltTjdf g]=s=kf=Pdfn]sf lgjt{dfg uf=lj=;= cWoIf >L /fd/fh u'?ªsf] g]t[Tjdf ef]n]{ uf=lj=;=sf Pdfn]sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x? &) hgf nufot ;fwf/0f ;b:ox? s/La $)) hgf @)^$ j}zfv @* ut] g]skf Pdfn] kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];df ljgf zt{ k|j]z ug]{ dxfg'efjx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt /;'jfsf] ;efklt >L y'Kt]g nf]K;fª nfdfn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:otf k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug]{x?df— ef]n]{ % sf d}tL dfof tfdfª, b'uf{ dfof tfdfª, /fdaxfb'/ :ofª\tfg, k"0f{axfb'/ :ofª\tfg, ;'/]Gb| u'?ª, ed] ;'gf/, hf]y] ;'gf/, ;'/]z u'?ª, cn}rL u'?ª, hoaxfb'/ u'?ª, ;'zLnf u'?ª, km'ndfof u'?ª, ;+uLtf u'?ª, kGh' u'?ª, z]/axfb'/ nL, /fd] Uofn, Uofª\;L tfdfª, x'gdf u'?ª, df]xgl;+x u'?ª, l;+u Unfg, ;]/kf yLª, km'ndfg uf]n], ;fO{nL tfdfª, d}gf uf]n], kj{tL u'?ª, /fh' u'?ª, /fd/fh u'?ª, Zofdaxfb'/ du/, s[i0faxfb'/ u'?ª, gj/fh u'?ª, p4j u'?ª, s'naxfb'/ u'?ª, jfj'nfn u'?ª, /fdaxfb'/ u'?ª, hLtaxfb'/ u'?ª, cf]daxfb'/ u'?ª, /fdz/0f u'?ª, h'4axfb'/ df]Qmfg, sKtfg Unfg, x:taxfb'/ uf]n], sfn] u'?ª, d'/nL u'?ª, aL/axfb'/ u'?ª, tf/fb]jL u'?ª, k[YjL u'?ª, /fds'df/L u'?ª, 7'nL /fd dfof u'?ª, ;'zLnf Unfg, l8ndfof tfdfª, w'|j Unfg, anaxfb'/ nf], /0faxfb'/ u'?ª, xf]daxfb'/ u'?ª, z+s/axfb'/ du/, d~h' u'?ª, /fddfof u'?ª, O{Zj/ u'?ª, jwdfof tfdfª, uf}d lyË, clgn u'?ª, u0f]zaxfb'/ u'?ª, hLtaxfb'/ nf], j'l4axfb'/ uf]n], ;'saxfb'/ Unfg, h'/]nL u'?ª, ;"o{axfb'/ lyª, /Tg u'?ª x'g'x'G5 .
o;}u/L ef]n]{ & sf— s6/axfb'/ ;'gf/ / s]z/axfb'/ du/ x'g'x'G5 . ef]n]{ @ sf lhtaxfb'/ g]uL, k]Djf z]kf{, of] l;ËL tfdfª, of;f{ ( sf sfdL 3n], g'k'{ 3n] nufotsf x'g'x'G5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjsf] wg'iff l:yt pxfFsf] lgjf; hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x ;d"x_n] lxhf] /flt s/La !)M#) ah] ad xfg]sf 5g\ . pxfFsf] 3/df em08 uf8L pxfFsf] 3/ hUuf cfˆgf] sAhfdf /x]sf] Joxf]/fsf] Ps kq klg ToxfF 6fF;]sf 5g\ . o:tf] 3[l0ft / dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
k"0f{ nf]stGq, hgtfsf] clwsf/ / ;Dk|e'tfsf] nflu n8\b} cfPsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; h:tf] kf6L{sf g]tf Pj+ ;xdxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjsf] 3/df o;/L ad k8\sfP/ / 3/ hUuf sAhf u/]/ lsg cftÍ dRrfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] < o;sf] k5fl8 s] /x:o n's]sf] 5 < s'g tTjn] o;nfO{ k|>o lbPsf] 5 < o;sf] vf]hljh / 5fgljg x'g cToGt cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . lx+;fTds ultljlw u/]/ ;dflhs ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tfnfO{ e8\sfpg], eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L /fHo cftÍ dRrfpg vf]Hg] o:tf tTjnfO{ ;dod} klxrfg u/L pgLx?nfO{ t'?Gt s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / plrt Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fO{ lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t tTjx?;Fu ;ts{, ;hu / ;r]t x'g klg ;Dk"0f{ hgtf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfXjfg ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfnu~hsf SofDk; k|d'v >L ;Ltf/fd /fh lji6nfO{ ut h]7 @ ut] /flt s/La ! ah] SofDk;sf] cfjf; u[xdf k|j]z u/L ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf c1ft ;d"xn] pxfFsL >LdtL zflGt lji6nfO{ /8n] xfgL 3fOt] agfPsf] / pxfFnfO{ 6fpFsf]df /8n] xfgL 9nfO{ ;s]kl5 uf]nL k|xf/ u/]sf] tyf pxfFx?sf] b'O{ yfg df]jfOn, s]xL uxgf / /sd ;d]t n'l6 nu]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf] cdfgjLo sfo{sf] 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 .
o; 36gfsf ck/fwL kQf nufO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ / lji6 bDklQsf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf] cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfO{ lbg klg g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .

-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

h]7 !, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldlt, a]nfotaf6 P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng -@)^@—^#_ df zxLb x'g]x?sf kl/jf/nfO{, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo" dfkm{t\ k|fKt, k|lt zxLb kl/jf/ ?= $%)!.– -rf/ xhf/ kfFr ;o Ps_ sf b/n] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL Pj+ zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]nHo"af6 cfh @)^$ h]7 ! ut] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df Ps sfo{qmd aLr zxLbsf kl/jf/nfO{ /sd x:tfGt/0f ug'{ eof] . o;/L /sd a'lem ;Ddflgt x'g]x?df zxLb pd]zrGb| yfkfsL kTgL Pl~hnf yfkf, bz{gnfn ofbjsf] 5f]/f ;/f]hs'df/ ofbj, lx/fnfn uf}tdsL kTgL ufoqL uf}td, ;u'g tfd|fsf/sL cfdf hof tfd|fsf/, k|B'Dg v8\sfsL kTgL k|ef v8\sf / rGb|axfb'/ aonsf]6LsL kTgL sNkgf aonsf]6L x'g'x'G5 .
o;}u/L ;Ddfg :j?ksf] /sd a'‰g afFsL /xg' ePsf zxLbsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ cfˆgf] kl/ro–kqsf ;fy kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fVg klg cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox? / kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o, wgs'6f lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;b:o Pj+ g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf k"j{ pk;efklt cfgGb;Gtf]ifL /fO{sf lktf wgaxfb'/ uf}/f /fO{sf] *) jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] j}zfv @& ut] ;fFem pxfFs} lgjf;:yfg, r'ªjfª uf=lj=;=—(, bfªl;ª, wgs'6fdf lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut tLg jif{b]lv kIf3ftaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . :j= /fO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] j8f ;efklt, ufpF sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:o ;d]t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf @ 5f]/f / % 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; pxfFsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ dxf;ldlt ;b:o cfgGb;Gtf]ifL /fO{ nufot pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfh} Ps zf]s lbP/ eGg' ePsf] 5—
æg]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxf;ldlt ;b:o cfgGb;Gtf]ifL /fO{sf lktf wgaxfb'/ uf}/f /fO{sf] lgwgsf] va/n] dnfO{ b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . :j= /fO{n] g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . lbj+ut cfTdf lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ cfgGb;Gtf]ifL /fO{ nufot pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df d xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5' .¨
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

j}zfv @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
hgsk'/af6 k|sflzt x'g] ljZj hfu/0f b}lgssf ;Dkfbs Pj+ d]rL dxfsfnL ldl8of ;f];fO6Lsf ;b:o /jLGb| ;fxsf] j}zfv @@ ut] /flt !! ah] lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut s]xL ;dob]lv h08L; (Liver) ;DaGwL /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF lg/+s'z zfxL ;/sf/sf a]nf tLg k6s;Dd ;}lgs lx/f;tdf kg'{ ePsf] lyof] . lx/f;tdf /xFbf k|hftGqjfbL k|qsf/ ePsf] cfwf/df tTsfnLg lg/+s'z zfxL ;/sf/n] lgd{dtfk"j{s zfl//Ls / dfgl;s oftgf ;d]t lbPsf lyP .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
To;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;x–dxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] ;fxsf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 / pxfFn] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] pRr ;Ddfg ub}{ lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy} :j= ;fxsf kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

j}zfv @&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn ;b:o $@ jifL{o zf]efsfGt cof{n -afa'/fd_ nfO{ pxfFs} lgjf; :yfg /x]sf] :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] lvn'ª b]p/fnL—( ltnfxf/df c1ft ;d"xdf cfPsf hTyfx?n] lxhf] @^ ut] /flt xTof u/]sf 5g\ .
h'g;'s} ;d"xaf6 ePsf] o; k|sf/sf] 3[l0ft sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . To:tf ;d"xsf sf/0f zflGt ;'Joj:yf vnalng] ePsf] x'Fbf ;/sf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb} plrt 5fgljg u/L bf]ifLnfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

j}zfv @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f cfof]lht lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng -@)^$ j}zfv @!—@$_ n] lgDg lnlvt k|:tfjx? kfl/t u/]sf] 5 M—
!= P]ltxfl;s hg–cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo Ph]08f ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf :yfkgf ub}{ ;'b[9 ;+;bLo nf]stGqsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg] ;xdlt / lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .
t/ lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f xfn;Dd klg x'g g;Sg' Hofb} b'Mvb ljifo xf] . eo/lxt / zflGtk"0f{ kl/l:ylt :jtGq lgjf{rgsf] klxnf] zt{ xf] . t/ clxn];Dd klg dfcf]jfbLsf] xltof/sf] plrt / ljZj;gLo tj/n]] Joj:yfkg e};s]sf] 5}g . pgLx?n] hjh{:tL sAhf u/]sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{ d'Qm u/]sf 5|}gg\ . cg]sf}+ JolQmsf] cGofok"0f{ tj/n] sAhf u/]sf] 3/–hdLg lkmtf{ u/]sf] 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ b]zel/ rGbf cft+s, 8/, wfs wDsL / xltof/sf] cft+s /f]lsPsf] 5}g . jfO=;L=Pn=sf] gfdn] csf]{ cft+ssf/L hTyf v8f ul/Psf] 5 / o;n] clxn] b]zel/ gofF cft+s l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot cGo kf6L{sf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ljleGg efudf /fhg}lts sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{, ;ef / uf]i7Lx? ug{ ltg} jfO=;L=Pn= ;d"xaf6 cj/f]w v8f ul/Psf] 5 lgM;Gb]x of] ;fdfGo l:ylt xf]Og . o:tf] l:yltdf :jtGqtfk"j{s lg:kIf r'gfj ;DkGg x'g ;Q}mg . To;}n] of] Ho]i7 dlxgfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug{'df cf7 kf6L{ g} lhDd]jf/ ePsf] 7x/ ub{5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos sfg"gsf] k|:tfj ;+;bdf k]z e};s]sf]
5 . t/ dfcf]jfbL ;f+:fbx?n] ;+;b rNg glbPsfn] tL sfg"gx?nfO{ ;+;bn] kfl/t ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . sfg"gsf] cefjdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj x'g g;Sg] oyfy{tfnfO{ a'em\bfa'em\b}, ;bgdf cj/f]w v8f ug]{ tyf ;bg aflx/ ;8sdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g g;Sg'df k|wfgdGqL Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ dfq lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofpg] dfcf]jfbL / Pdfn]sf u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cleJolQmk|lt g]kfnL sFfu|]; lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] e]nf 3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnsf ?kdf k|:t't x'g cfu|x ub{5 .
@= P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng @)^# sf] d'Vo Ph]08f ag]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ldlt oyfzL3| tf]Sg / o;sf nflu cfjZos ;a} k|sf/sf ;xh, :jefljs jftfj/0f agfpg, zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljZjfl;nf] l:ylt sfod ug{ / j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf nufotsf ;a} ;dembf/Lx?sf] k"0f{ kfngf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu cfu|x ub{5f}F / ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbL ;lxt cf7 /fhg}lts bnx?sf] PstfnfO{ s'g} klg jxfgfdf 6'6\g glbO{ ;'b[9 Pstf sfod} /fVg] kxn g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ug'{ kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] cg'/f]w 5 .
#= hg–cfGbf]ngn] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]/ nf]stflGqs ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] Ps jif{ k"/f e};s]sf] 5 . ;z:q ljb|f]xLsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] dfcf]jfbL klg ;/sf/df ;lDdlnt e};s]sf] 5 . t/ b]zdf zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] l:yltsf] cg'e"lt hgtfn] ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 . xTof, ckx/0f, n'6kf6, cfuhgL cflb cg]s ck/flws s[ofsnfkn] d'n'ssf ljleGg efux? cfqmfGt 5g\ . gful/ssf] hLp–wgsf] ;'/Iff x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|To]s gful/sn] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf] hLjg ofkg ug]{, cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf] pkef]u ug]{ / eo / qf;af6 d'lQm kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . cfhsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / k|fylds s'/f dfcf]jfbLx? ;/sf/df ;fd]n eO{;s]kl5 klg dfcf]jfbLsf ljleGg ;+3÷;+:yf tyf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;+u7gaf6 u}/ sfg"gL s[ofsnfkx? eO{ g} /fv]sf 5g\ . !@ a'Fb] ;xdltb]lv xfn;Dd ul/Psf ;xdlt ;Demf}tfx? OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ . zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/n] ;Demf}tf kfng u/fpg'sf] ;fy} s'g} klg bnsf] hjh{:tL u}/sfg"gL / ;z:q s[ofsnfkaf6 ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm ug'{ cfh ;/sf/sf] klxnf] bfloTj xf] . hgcfGbf]ngn] zflGt / nf]stGqsf] kIfdf b]vfPsf] ckf/ ;dy{g / ;xof]u s'g} bn ljz]ifsf] aGbL ;dfhnfO{ agfpg xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; hgtfn] rfx]sf 5g\ . xfdL o; s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;/sf/nfO{ ljz]if cfu|x ub{5f}+ .
$= ljut !@ jif{sf] dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf xTof ul/Psf g]kfnL cfdfsf ;k"tx?nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] of] e]nf zxLb 3f]if0ff ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 / pQm åGbaf6 3fOt] ePsf / lj:yflkt, j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug{ / dfl/Psf JolQmx?sf] kl/jf/nfO{ pkrf/ tyf plrt Iflt{k"lt{sf] tTsfn Joj:yf ug{ df+u ub{5f}F .
%= g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr ePsf] j[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf cg'?k sAhf ul/Psf 3/ hUufx? lkmtf{ u/fpg] qmddf lxhf] j}zfv @# ut] bfªdf ePsf] 36\gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o; 36\gfsf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ eljiodf o:tf lqmofsnfk k'g gbf]xf]¥ofpg cfu|x ub{5f}F .
^= :yfkgfsfnb]lv clj/n nf]stGqsf] kIfdf / Psflwsf/jfb / ;j{;Qfjfbsf] lj?4df ;+3if{/t g]kfnL sfFu|];n] /fhtGq af/] P3f/f}F dxflwj]zgdf lg/k]If /xg] lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 /fh;+:yfsf ;DaGwdf kf6L{ ;efkltx?n] /fVg' ePsf] efjgfsf] sb/ x'g] u/L hgtfsf cfsf+Iff / cledt adf]lhd tTsfn kf6L{sf] ljz]if dxflwj]zgaf6 lg0f{o ug{ of] ;Dd]ng df+u ub{5 .
&= dw]z cfGbf]ngsf ;Gbe{df ePsf] wghgsf] Ifltsf ;DaGwdf ;To tYo kQf nufO{ bf]ifLdfly sf/jfxL ug{ / kLl8t kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg] ;Gbe{df 5fgljg cfof]u u7g ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x ub{5f}F .
*= dw]zL, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dlxnfx? ;d]tsf df+unfO{ jftf{åf/f ;xdlt vf]Hg] k|lqmofnfO{ ltj|tf lbO{ :yfoL ;dfwfg ul/of];\ .
(= lgjf{rg If]q lgwf/0f cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s gb]lvPsf] / o;n] ;d:ofnfO{ emg hl6n kf/]sf] x'Fbf pSt k|ltj]bg vf/]h u/L gofF Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
!)=g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt x'Dnfsf ;b:o g]qaxfb'/ zfxLnfO{ j]kQf kfl/Psf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] t'?Gt 5fgjLg u/L tYo ;To kQf nufO{ bf]ifLnfO{ sfjf{xL ug{ of] ;Dd]ng df+u ub{5 .
!!= sflnsf]6sf] 5fk|] uf=lj=;= zflGt cleofgdf nfu]sf kf6L{sf jl/i7 ;fyL, k"j{ ;f+;b ltns Gof}kfg], k"j{ ;efklt k+vaxfb'/ lji6 Pj+ dlgrGb| Gof}kfg] nufotsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ cfqmd0f u/L lk6kf6 u/]sf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . of] e]nf o; sfo{sf] eT;{gf ub{5 / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ub{5 .
!@= ljeflht ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; kf6L{nfO{ PsLs/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;lqmotfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOof];\ / oyfzL3| kf6L{ PsLs/0f ul/of];\ .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

j}zfv @$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:oåo jnb]j zdf{ dhu}ofF / 8f= z]v/ sf]O/fnf, dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf 8f= jfj'/fd e§/fO{ / s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;'bz{g aLr t'n;Lk'/ gu/kflnsf ejgleq 5nkmn eO/x]sf a]nf g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldlt bfªsf ;Nnfxsf/ nf]sdl0f lu/LnfO{ lj:yflktx?sf] hUuf pkef]u ul//x]sf ls;fgx?n] s'6kl6 u/]sf 5g\ . lj:yflkt hUuf lkmtf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfFu|]; / dfcf]jfbLaLr 5nkmnsf qmddf pSt 36\gf 36]sf] xf] . ;f] a]nf lu/L jftf{ sf]7f aflx/ x'g'x'GYof] . ls;fgn] k|x/Lsf] nf7L vf];]/ lu/Ldfly k|xf/ u/]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;Da4 ls;fgx?n] gu/kflnsf ejgdf tf]8kmf]8 ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . tL ls;fgn] …hUuf lkmtf{ ug{ kfOFb}g, zf];s ;fdGt d'bf{jfbÆ h:tf gf/fjfhL ;d]t u/]sf lyP . jftf{ :ynsf] s';L{, ;f]kmf;]6x? ;d]t tf]8kmf]8 ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf sfo{;ldltsf ;Nnfxsf/ nf]sdl0f lu/Ldfly k|xf/sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, eT;{gf / lj/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf] pR5[+vn lqmofsnfk ug]{ tL cjfl5+t / nf]stGq lj/f]wL tTjx?nfO{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8\bf/ df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

j}zfv @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
!= b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ;+3Lo / /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf, kf6L{ ;+u7g ;'b[9 ug]{ tyf lhNnfsf] j:t'l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] @)^$ j}zfv @! ut] b]lv z'? ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Lsf] t];|f] lbg cfh uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL lhNnf ;efklt tyf Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;bx? eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] af]Ng] qmd hf/L 5 . cf–cfkm\gf wf/0ff JoQm ug]{ qmd g;lsP kl5 ef]ln klg uf]i7L hf/L /xg] ePsf] 5 .
;xefuLx?n] uf]i7Ldf lhNnfsf] j:t'l:ylt, lhNnfsf ;d:ofx?, ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;xefuLd"ns agfpg / o;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg :jLsf/ of]Uo Pj+ ;+rfng of]Uo t'Nofpg ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] e"ldsf tyf ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL Pj+ /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf nufotsf ljifodf cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] lyof] .
@= cfhsf] e]nfn] lgDg k|:tfj ;d]t kfl/t u/]sf] 5 M
æljut s]xL lbgb]lv g]kfn jg 6]lnlehgdf cfj4 kqsf/ ldqx? cfkm\gf k]zfut clwsf/ / ;'ljwfsf] dfFu ub}{ ;+3if{/t\ 5g\ . kqsf/ ldqx?sf] ;+3if{ clxn] cfd/0f cg;gsf] uDeL/ r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . kqsf/ ldqx?sf] Gofof]lrt ;++3if{k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] uf]i7Lsf] Wofg uDeL/ ?kn] cfslif{t ePsf] 5 . of] e]nf g]kfn jg 6]lnlehgsf] Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ ;+3if{/t kqsf/x?;Fu tTsfn ;+jfb u/L Gofof]lrt dfu k'/f ug{ cfu|x ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]t o; lbzfdf tTsfn cu|;/tf lng cfJxfg ub{5 .Æ
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

 

a}zfv @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
alb{of ;fgf]>Ldf a}zfv !( ut] z;:q k|x/L an / d'Qm sd}of / ;'s'Daf;Lsf] gfddf YCL sf sfo{stf{ aLr ePsf] em8kaf6 ;du| alb{of lhNnf k|efljt ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . YCL sf] gfddf lhNnfdf ePsf ljleGg s'6lk6, cfuhgL, ceb| Jojxf/, :yfgLo sfo{stf dfly ePsf] HofbtLk"0f{ sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 . ;/sf/d} /x]sf bn / To;sf eft[ ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;/sf/s} lj?4 ahf/ aGb ug]{, ;/sf/L sfof{nox? tf]8kmf]8 ug]{ tyf ;dfhdf cft+s l;h{gf ug]{ clwsf/ s'g} JolQm jf ;d'bfonfO{ x'Fb}g . o:tf p5[v+n / czf]egLo sfo{ tTsfn aGb u/L ;dfhdf zflGt ;'/Iff, cdgrog sfod ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;DalGwt kIf / ;/sf/;Fu hf]8bf/ dfFu ub{5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn eP/ cljnDa pQm If]qdf zflGt ;'/Iff axfn ug{ cfkm\gf] lgsfonfO{ kl/rflnt ub}{ 3fOt] ePsfx?nfO{ cf}iff]wL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @@, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ;+3Lo / /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf, kf6L{ ;+u7g ;'b[9 ug]{ / lhNnfsf] j:t'l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] @)^$ j}zfv @!, ut] b]lv hf/L kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf nlntk'/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Lsf] bf];|f] lbg clwjQmf nlntaxfb'/ a:g]tn] ;+ljwfg ;ef / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, s'df/ /]UdLn] g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] nIo / r'gf}tLx? / l8NnL/fd bfxfnn] g]kfndf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf / o;sf r'gf}tLx? ljifos tLgj6f 5'§f5'§} sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't sfo{kqdfly a}7ssf ;xefuLx?n] 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL lhNnf ;efklt tyf Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;bx?sf] af]Ng] qmd z'? ePsf] 5 .
uf]i7Ldf pxfFx?n] lhNnfsf] j:t'l:ylt, lhNnfsf ;d:ofx?, ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;xeflud"ns agfpg / o;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg :jLsf/ of]Uo Pj+ ;+rfng of]Uo t'Nofpg ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] e"ldsf tyf ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL / /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf nufotsf ljifodf cf–cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] lyof] . uf]i7Ldf lhNnf ;efklt / ;f+;bx?sf] af]Ng] qmd /x]sf]n] ef]ln klg uf]i7L lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] 5 .
uf]i7Ldf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo ;efklt÷cWoIfx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ;+3Lo / /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf, kf6L{ ;+u7g ;'b[9 ug]{ / lhNnfsf] j:t'l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] @)^$ j}zfv @!, @@ / @# ut] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf nlntk'/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Lsf] klxnf] lbgsf] ;d'b\3f6\g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 eof] . uf]i7Lsf] ;efkltTj pk;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L dxfdGqL Pj+ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]nn] dGtJo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] dxfdGqL s]=aL=u'?ªn] uf]i7Lsf] p2]Zodfly k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o uf]i7Lsf] k|yd ;qdf k|f= ozkfn 3O{ / 8f= ;"o{ 9'+u]nn] g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgdf{0f / ;+ljwfg;ef / Prof. Jill Cottrel n] ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;+3Lotf ljifos b'O{j6f 5'§f5'§} sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't sfo{kqdfly a}7ssf ;xefuLx?n] 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . rf/ ;d"xdf ljeflht ;d"xut 5nkmndf lgDg ljifox? ;xefuLx?n] p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
? ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;xeflud"ns agfpg / o;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;+ljwfg :jLsf/ of]Uo Pj+ ;+rfng of]Uo t'Nofpg ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnx?n] s] ug'{k5{ <
? ;++ljwfg;efnfO{ s;/L ;xefuLd"ns agfpg ;lsG5 <
? gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ qmddf hg;Dks{ clej[l4 ug{ / pgLx?sf] /fo ;+sng ul/Psf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] sfo{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|lqmofåf/f s;/L lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 <
? k|efjsf/L zf;g tyf /fli6«o Pstf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t gofF g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo -/fli6«o_ ;/sf/nfO{ s] s:tf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 < hgtfnfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]sf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg s] s:tf Go"gtd clwsf/x? :yfgLo txdf k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 < ef}uf]lns lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;dfj]zL agfpg /fhg}lts bnx?n] s:tf] pkfo cjnDjg ug'{k5{ < /, h;n] ubf{ tL lgjf{rg If]qx? a9L k|ltlglwd"ns ePsf] emlNsof];\ . ;fy} kf6L{n] lbg] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLdf klg a9L ;dfj]zL / k|ltlglwd"ns ePsf] b]lvof];\ .

uf]i7Ldf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;bx? / eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo ;efklt÷cWoIfx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
a}7s j}zfv @@ / @# ut] ;Dd hf/L /xg]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} kf6L{ ;+u7g ;'b[9 ug]{ / lhNnfsf] j:t'l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] @)^$ j}zfv @!, @@ / @# ut] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf nlntk'/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o uf]i7L cfof]hgf ub}{5 . ;f] uf]li7sf] ;d'b\3f6g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"n] ug'{ x'g]5 / uf]i7Ldf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;bx? / eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo ;efklt÷cWoIfx?sf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 .
uf]i7Lsf] ;d'b\3f6g @)^$ j}zfv @! ut] laxfg * ah] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df x'g]5 . ;f] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng tyf >Jo b[Zo lvRg cfpg' x'g] kqsf/ ;fyLx?n] cfˆgf] ;fydf kl/ro–kq clgjfo{ ?kdf Nofpg' x'g klg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ul/G5 .

;fy} lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Lsf sf/0f s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 x'g] b}lgs sfo{x? ug{ g;lsg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . o;af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;fyLx?nfO{ kg{ uPsf] c;'ljwfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfof{no Ifdf k|fyL{ 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
x'Dnf lhNnfsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf %) jifL{o kb\daxfb'/ e08f/LnfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] @)^$ j}zfv !* ut]sf lbg ljgf sf/0f s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg s'6lk6 u/]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLx?sf] pSt cdfgjLo sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;d]t ;fd]n e};s]sf dfcf]jfbLx?sf] Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf] cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 . ;fy} 3fOt] kb\daxfb'/ e08f/Lsf] zLw| :jf:Yonfesf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
cfh d] dlxgfsf] # tfl/v ;+;f/el/ ljZj k|]; :jtGqtf lbj;, kqsf/ ju{n] cfˆgf] xs / lxtsf lgldQ ;+ul7t ?kdf b[9 ;fx; / ;+sNksf ;fy ;+3if{ u/]/ cfˆgf] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] Ps P]ltxfl;s lbg xf] .
k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf;Fu} xfd|f] b]zdf kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;qmd k|f/De ePsf] xf] . hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xssf] ;+/If0f, ljsf/ / ljs[lt Pj+ c? cg]s lj;+ultx?sf] lg/fs/0f tyf lglj{sf/ / zf]if0f /lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f nf]stGqsf] klxnf] ;t{ xf] . o;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;zQm dfWod k|]; g} xf] . k|];nfO{ lg:kIftf / :jtGqtfk"j{s cl3 hfg] k|Tofe"lt s]jn pbf/ nf]stflGqs k4ltn] dfq k|bfg u5{ . :jR5, :j:y / lgikIf ;+rf/ hut g} nf]stGqsf cfwf/:tDe x'g\ . k"0f{ nf]stGqdf dfq} :jtGq / lgikIf kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . To;}n] nf]stGq / k|];sf] ;DaGw ;w}+ cGof]Gofl>t / Ps csf{sf] kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|To]s cfGbf]ng / k|To]s kl/jt{gdf ;w}+ cu|k+lQmdf /x]/ k|]; / o;;Fu ;DjG4 ;+rf/sdL{x? / ;+rf/ dfWodn] ;+3if{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|];;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfo s'g} klg b]zsf] pTyfgsf zlQmsf ch;| ;|f]t dfq xf]Ogg\, kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs klg x'g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ ut ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . k|]; :jtGqtf / k"0f{ nf]stGqsf nflu pxfFx?n] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; pRr ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5 . hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L klg ;d:t k|]; hutsf] g} /x]sf]n] cem a9L dof{lbt eO{ cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ;xof]u ug{ d ;a} kqsf/ / o;;+u ;DalGwt ;a} ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfu|x ub{5' .
d] # sf] of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf ;Dk"0f{ kqsf/ / o;;Fu ;DjlGwt ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfhsf] of] kl/jt{g;Fu} pxfFx?sf] sfFwdf b]z lgdf{0fsf] 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] s'/fsf] :d/0f u/fpFb} g]kfnL sfFu|]; of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf awfO{ / z'e–sfdgf ck{0f ub{5 .
ho g]kfn Û
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf ;fy} kf6L{ ;+u7g ;'b[9 ug]{ / lhNnfsf] j:t'l:yltsf] ;ldIff ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfnL sfFu|];n] @)^$ j}zfv @!, @@ / @# ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng sf7df8f}Fdf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf nlntk'/df ljxfg * ah]b]lv z'? x'g] ;Dd]ngdf lhNnf ;efkltx?sf] clgjfo{ pkl:yt x'g g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 . ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu j}zfv @) ut] a]n'sf;Dd ;a} lhNnfsf kf6L{ ;efkltx? sf7df8f}F cfO;Sg' kg]{5 . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t /fli6«o /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf ;Gbe{df 5nkmn x'g]5 . pSt ;Dd]ngdf cfufdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, ;+3Lo / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf nufot ;d;fdlos ljifodf k|lzIf0f tyf cGt/lqmof ;d]t x'g]5 . ;Dd]ngdf kf6L{sf] ;+u7g / lhNnfsf ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf ;fy} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of, lhNnfsf] zflGt ;'Joj:yf / ;du| /fhgLlts j:t'l:ylt af/] 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
;f] ;Dd]ngsf] ;d'b\3f6g g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"n] ug'{ x'g]5 / ;Dd]ngdf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox?, g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;f+;bx? / eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo ;efklt÷cWoIfx?sf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

a}zfv !*, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
s]xL lbg otfb]lv kBsGof ax'd'vL SofDk;df g]skf dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfOl;onåf/f cft+ssf/L z}nLdf SofDk; xfqfleq k|j]z u/L :jljo'sf ;efklt l6sf rf}w/L, ;lrj :jlitsf kf]v/]n, g]lj;+3 OsfO{ ;efklt bLkf lzjfsf]6L, :jljo' ;b:o rGbf clwsf/L, ljlgtf bfxfn, dx]Zj/L nufotsf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf bh{gf}+ sfo{stf{nfO{ ;f+3flts tj/n] lgd{dtfk"j{s s'6lk6 u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfPsf] 36gf k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tJw ePsf] 5 . 3fOt] dWo] OsfO{ ;efklt bLkf lzjfsf]6L, :jljo' ;b:o rGbf clwsf/L, ljlgtf bfxfn / dx]Zj/Lsf] cj:yf uDeL/ /x]sf]n] pxfFx?sf] cf]d c:ktfn, rfjlxndf pkrf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx? dfq cWoog ug]{ ;+:yfdf jfOl;onsf k'?if hTyf ;d]t cgflws[t tj/n] SofDk;df k|j]z u/L g]kfnL ljBfyL{ ;+3sf sfo{stf{nfO{ s'6lk6 ub}{ SofDk;sf] ef}lts ;Dklt klg Iflt k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL lgs6 jfOl;onaf6 ePsf] cdfgjLo 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lgGbf, v]b / eT;{gf ub{5 . dfcf]jfbLx? cGtl/d ;+/sf/df ;fd]n eO;s]kl5 klg pgLx?sf] rl/q / Jojxf/df cem} klg s'g} ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf k|sf/sf 36gfn] b]zdf zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu jfwf k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf 36gf gbf]xf]¥ofpg jfOl;onnfO{ r]tfjgL lbb}+ ;DalGwt g]t[Tj ju{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5 .
;fy}, zflGt ;'Joj:yf vnanfpg] h'g;'s} tTjnfO{ /fHon] ;lqmotfk"j{s sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3fOt] x'g' ePsf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf ;fyLx?sf] lz3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !&, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; u'NdLsf k"j{ ;efklt tf]daxfb'/ hL=;L=nfO{ pxfFs} lgjf;:yfg u'NdL gofFufpF j8f g+= @ l:yt cfˆg} 3/df g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ x?n] lxhf] a]n'sf & ah] s'6lk6 u/L d/0ff;Gg cj:yfdf 5f]8]sf 5g\ . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ sAhfdf lnO{ pxfFnfO{ 3/aflx/ lgsfn]/ s'6lk6 ul/Psf] lyof] . clxn] pxfFsf] u'NdL tD3f; l:yt c:ktfndf pkrf/ x'Fb}5 . ;fy} dfcf]jfbLx?n] pxfFnfO{ Hofg dfg]{ wDsL ;d]t lbP/ uPsf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLx?sf] pSt 3[l0ft sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ lj/f]w, lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} cGtl/d ;/sf/df ;d]t ;fd]n e};s]sf dfcf]jfbLx?sf] Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfkdf cem} klg ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; lrGtf JoQm ub}{ o:tf] cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkx? k'gM gbf]xf]¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnsf k|l;4 pBf]uklt df]xguf]kfn v]tfgsf] lxhf] a]n'sf sf7df8f}Fsf] gle{s c:ktfndf pkrf/sf qmddf lgwg eof] . ^! jifL{o v]tfg d'6' ;DaGwL /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !($& df sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] lyof] . pxfF v]tfg u|'ksf] cWoIf x'g'x'GYof] . lxdfnog :gfS;\ P08 g'8N;\, uf]vf{ j|'c/L, nIdL a}+s nufot v]tfg u'|ksf bh{gf}F pBf]ux? g]kfndf ;+rflnt /x]sf 5g\ . pxfF ;fdflhs, ljQLo, wfld{s, :jf:Yo lzIff nufotsf If]qx?df klg ;+nUg x'Fb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF g]kfnsf nflu 6sL{sf cg/L sG;'n x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf b'O{ 5f]/fx? /fh]Gb| v]tfg, rGb|k|sfz v]tfg / b'O{ 5f]/Lx? x'g'x'G5 .
df]xguf]kfn v]tfgsf] lgwgn] g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus If]q nufot cGo If]qsf] ljsf;df ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 . pBf]uklt df]xguf]kfn v]tfgsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL hg;+3if{sf Ps cys of]4f k|f= cfzf/fd zfSosf] j}zfv !! ut] a]n'sf lgwg eof] . pxfF ljut s]xL ;dob]lv d'6' / k]6 ;DaGwL /f]uaf6 kLl8t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hGd ;g\ !(@( df ePsf] lyof] . hxflgofF /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4df pxfFn] nlntk'/ lhNnfdf lj/f]w k|bz{g ug'{sf ;fy} @))& ;fnb]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];df ;+nUg eP/ kf6L{åf/f ;+rflnt x/]s cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ?kn] ;xefuL x'Fb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfF @)!% sf] cfdlgjf{rgdf nlntk'/sf] If]q g+= @ af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF kf6g ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] ;+:yfks k|fWofks klg x'g'x'GYof] . j'l4i6x?sf] cfGbf]ngdf g]t[Tj k|bfg ug'{ ePsf zfSo ;flxlTos n]v /rgfdf klg plQs} hfu?s x'g'x'GYof] . To;}u/L ;fdflhs If]qdf pxfFsf] pNn]vgLo ;+nUgtf /x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|f= zfSosf] lgwgdf ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf zxLbx?sf] ;Demgfdf nf]stGq lbj;sf lbg gful/s ;dfhåf/f cfh ck/fGx sf7df8f}Fsf] a;Gtk'/df cfof]lht va/bf/L ;efdf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxfdGqL Pj+ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f dGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]ndfly nf7L, kfgLsf] af]tn / 9'+uf k|xf/ ePsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
;f] sfo{qmddf s;}sf] s'/f ;'Gg grfxg]÷g;Sg] nf]stGq lj/f]wL kIfw/x?sf] Jofks 3';k}7 ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 7x/ 5 . dxfdGqL /fdrGb| kf}8]nnfO{ af]Ng glbg], pxfFsf s'/f ;'Gg grfxg] / pxfFdfly b'Jojxf{/ k|bz{g x'g' h:tf cToGt 3[l0ft lqmofsnfk u/]/ nf]stGq lbj;sf] 3f]/ ckdfg ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu aL/ g]kfnL zxLbx?n] h'g alnbfg, Tofu / ;dk{0f u/] ltg} zxLbx?k|lt >4f~hnL JoQm ug]{ sfo{qmddf pgLx?s} ;kgf / nIo lj?4sf lqmofsnfk x'g cToGt b'MvbfoL / 3f]/ lgGbgLo 36\gf xf] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; o:tf] lqmofsnfksf] 3f]/ lj/f]w, v]b / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf nf]stGq lj/f]wL tTjx?;Fu ;r]t / ;hu /xg klg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !!, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL hg–;+3if{sf] Oltxf;sf] Ps cj:d/0fLo lbg j}zfv !! ut]— lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot cGo /fhgLlts bnx?åf/f ;+rflnt zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf zxfbt k|fKt ug'{ ePsf tL tdfd\ aL/ g]kfnL zxLbx?k|lt >4f~hnL JoQm ub}{, g]kfnL hgtfsf] uf}/jdo pT;u{, ct'ngLo ;fx; Pj+ b[9 ;+sNkn] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] ;dfKt eO{ nf]stGq :yfkgf ug{ o; lbgsf] dxTjsf] ;+:d/0f ub}{, ;a} g]kfnL hgtfk|lt ;Ddfg JoQm ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] cfˆgf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf nf]stGq lbj; dgfof] .
o;}u/L g]kfnL sfFu|];n] clwsf+z lhNnfx?df klg nf]stGq lbj; dgfO{ /x]sf] va/ k|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv !), @)^$
nf]stGq lbj;sf ;Gbe{df
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;Gb]z
j}zfv !! ut] g]kfnL hg–;+3if{sf] Oltxf;sf] Ps cj:d/0fLo lbg xf] . g]kfnL hgtfsf] uf}/jdo pT;u{, ct'ngLo ;fx; Pj+ b[9 ;+sNkn] lg/+s'z /fhtGq ;dfKt eO{ nf]stGq :yfkgf ut ;fn o;} lbg ePsf] xf] .
b]znfO{ hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfdf k'¥ofP/ @)%( c;f]h !* df ePsf] zfxL 3f]if0ff / To;kl5sf /fhfsf sbdx?n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/ / :jtGqtfdfly uDeL/ k|xf/ u¥of] . pSt k|ltufdL sbdaf6 ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL / ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf d"No, dfGotf / ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cj?4 eP / b]zsf] zf;gef/ /fhf :jo+n] g} u|x0f u/L cfkm" ;lqmo /fhtGqtkm{ pGd'v ePsf] 3f]if0ff g} u/] . of] /fi6«sf nflu g} b'Mvb cj:yf lyof] . o; l:yltdf /fhgLlts bn / hgtf d'sbz{s dfq eP/ k|hftGq ;dflKtsf] >[v+nfnfO{ x]/]/ dfq a:g] l:ylt lyPg . o;}n] hgtfsf] xftaf6 vf]l;Psf] clwsf/nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/]/ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;du| If]qdf b]znfO{ cu|ufdL lbzf k|bfg ub}{ hgtfsf] ;Dk|e'tf k"0f{ ?kn] :yflkt u/fpg zflGtk"0f{ hg–cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot cGo /fhgLlts bnx? / hgtf Psh'6 x'g cfjZos lyof] . To;}n] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot ;ft /fhgLlts bnx?n] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng efu—@ ;+rfng u/] . lx+;fTds åGbdf ;lqmo ePsf g]skf dfcf]jfbL klg !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/L kZrft\ zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf o; cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g k'u] . ljleGg k]zf / Joj;fodf ;+nUg JolQmx?af6 klg o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ yk an k|fKt eof] . of] cfGbf]ng s'g} JolQm jf kf6L{ ljz]ifsf] cfGbf]ng geP/ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] cfGbf]ng lyof] . g]kfnL hgtfsf] ckf/ hgnx/sf] cufl8 lg/+s'z /fhf em'Sg jfWo eP / j}zfv !! ut] k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . b]zel/ km}lnPsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] of] cfGbf]ng cfˆgf] uGtJodf k'Uof] .
nf]stGq k|To]s JolQmsf] ;/f]sf/sf], pgLx?sf] clwsf/sf], pTyfg, ;'/Iff / ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt xf] . b]zdf nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] ;+3if{df xfd|f cg]sf}F ;k'tx?n] nf]stGqsf] j]bLdf cfkm"nfO{ pT;u{ u/]sf 5g\ . of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; tL ;Dk"0f{ aL/ zxLbx?sf]— b]z, hgtf / nf]stGqk|ltsf] ;dk{0f, ;fx; / jlnbfgsf] ;+:d/0f ub{5 / pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 . ;fy}, b]znfO{ nf]stGqsf] pHofnf]df k|j]z u/fpg] xfd|f b]zeQm g]tfx¿, aL/ zxLbx? Pj+ g]kfnL hgtfsf] nIo / ;kgfnfO{ ;w}+ cufl8 /fv]/ cfhsf] of] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf cem a9L ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLn e} nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f / :yfoL zflGt Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu ;a} Psh'6 x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
ho g]kfn Û
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ k"j{ dGqL ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L= Nepal Transition to Peace (NTTP) sf] cfof]hgfdf cd]l/sfsf] Go"of]{sdf x'g] sfo{qmddf efu lng cfh j}zfv & ut] -tbg';f/ @))& clk|n @) tfl/v_ sf lbg sf7df8f}Faf6 lbpF;f] !M%) ah] To;tkm{ k|:yfg ug'{ eof] .
pSt sfo{qmddf pRr:t/Lo ;/sf/L k|ltlglw, jl/i7 /fhgLlt1 / gful/s ;dfhsf k|j'4 JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutf /xg]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv &, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
sf7df8f}F If]q g+= @ sf g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf If]qLo lgjf{rg k|ltlglw uf]s'n lu/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
-!_ :jtGqtf ;]gfgL d'/f/L zdf{ kf}8]nsf] *@ jif{sf] pd]/df lxhf] j}zfv % ut]sf lbg lgwg eof] . pxfFsf] Ps >LdtL, Ps 5f]/f / b'O{ 5f]/L x'g'x'G5 . pxfF @))& ;fnb]lv g} g]kfnL sfFu|];df cfj4 /xFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lgb]{zgdf pxfF df]/ª, af/f, k;f{ If]qdf lqmofzLn x'g'x'GYof] . @)!* ;fnb]lv pxfF lgjf{;gdf a:g' ePsf] lyof] / @)@% ;fndf cfddfkmL kfPkl5 pxfF :jb]z kms{g' ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 @)@% b]lv gjnk/f;L, lrtjg, nDh'ª, uf]/vf If]qdf kf6L{sf] ;+u7gfTds ultljlwdf ;+nUg /xg' eof] . pxfFn] ;flxTo tyf ;dfh;]jfsf If]qdf klg ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
-@_ ;Kt/L lhNnf jd{hLof—$ lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;lqmo ;b:o /fh]Zj/k|;fb ;fxsf] lxhf] j}zfv % ut] /flt !!M$% ah] lgwg eof] . pxfF lj=;+= !((* ;fndf hGdg' ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] ;dob]lv pxfF g]kfnL sfFu|];df lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;lqmo /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
:jtGqtf ;]gfgL d'/f/L zdf{ kf}8]n / lqmofzLn ;b:o /fh]Zj/k|;fb ;fxsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 . lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFx?sf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hx?df g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv ^, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];åf/f j}zfv * ut] hgsk'/df cfof]hgf u/]sf] cfd;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt Pj+ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:o dfggLo ;'zLn sf]O/fnf ef]ln @)^$ j}zfv & ut] -tbg';f/ @) clk|n @))&_ sf lbg sf7df8f}Faf6 lbpF;f] @M!) ah] a'4 Po/sf] p8fgaf6 hgsk'/ k|:yfg ug'{ x'g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv ^, @))&
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf dxf;ldlt ;b:o ljsfz nfdfnfO{ lxhf] j}zfv % ut] lbpF;f] $ ah]lt/ (&$!)@**() sf] df]jfOnaf6 cfkm"nfO{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ atfpg] sdn ;fksf]6f pkm{ lzzfg eGg] JolQmn] hf] dfcf]jfbL g]tf clUgk|;fb ;fksf]6fsf 5f]/f x'g\, pgn] ljgf s'g} sf/0f Hofg dfg]{ wDsL lbPsf] 36gfk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 .
o:tf cjflR5t JolQmx?n] g} ;dfhdf pR5[+vntf k|bz{g ub}{ czflGt dRrfpg] k|of; ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; o;sf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{5 . ;fy} o:tf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg u/L cfjZos sfjf{xL ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv %, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf sf7df8f}FF lhNnf gofFkf6L ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt anaxfb'/ tfdfªsf] g]t[Tjdf ;f] ufpFsf g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf @) hgf sfo{stf{x? ;f] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L r'lgv]n ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt /fdsfhL >]i7 / jfn'jf ufpF OsfO{ ;ldltsf ;efklt d's'Gb e08f/L klg ;f] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/L ljgf zt{ g]kfnL sfFu|];df k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIf r08L/fh 9sfnsf] lktf nId0fk|;fb 9sfnsf] @)^# r}q @^ ut]sf lbg lgwg eof] . pxfF lgs} nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnL sfFu|];;Fu cfj4 x'g'x'GYof] . g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|ltjlGwt sfndf pxfFsf] pNn]vgLo ;xof]u / of]ubfg /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf pxfFn] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] of]ubfgsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; :d/0f ub{5 . pxfFsf] lgwgaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
pxfFsf] lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIf r08L/fh 9sfn nufot pxfFsf ;a} zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
ho g]kfn Û
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj

---

j}zfv @, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt

g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ hgcfGbf]ngsf gfos k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf tyf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf jl/i7 g]tfx?åf/f @)^$ j}zfv * ut] lbpF;f] ! ah] lt/x'ltof ufF5L, hgsk'/wfddf ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmd tLg xKtf klxn] g} lgwf{/0f ePsf] xf] . pQm hg;efnfO{ cj/f]w k'Ug] u/L dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/dåf/f j}zfv &, * / ( ut] t/fO{ aGbsf] sfo{qmd /fv]sf]df ;f] aGb sfo{qmd lkmtf{ lnO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg jftf{sf] dfWod dfq x'g ;S5 / o;}sf dfWodaf6 ;a} ;d:ofsf] lgsf; lg:sg] ePsfn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ c;'ljwf k'Ug] u/L o:tf jGbsf sfo{qmdx? g/fVg / jftf{sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;d]t g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;DalGwt ;a} kIfx?;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
ho g]kfn Û
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj