| >fj0f
#), @)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] k|wfgdGqL kbsf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog ug]{
lbg cfh ldlt @)^% ;fn >fj0f #) df laxfg !) ah]b]lv lbgsf] %
ah];Dd ePsf] ;Gbe{df b]xfo adf]lhd lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
!= ;xdlt ePdf c? bnsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ / ;xdlt x'g g;s]df
cfˆgf] bnsf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/L lbg] . o;sf nflu g]=s=kf=
-Pdfn]_, dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d nufotsf bnx?;+u k/fdz{ Pj+ 5nkmn
ug]{ .
@= cfˆgf] bnsf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/L lbg' kbf{ kf6L{sf] ;+;bLo
;ldltn] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug]{ .
#= of] lg0f{o cg';f/ pDd]bjf/sf] kIfdf dtbfg ug{ u/fpg ;+;bLo
bnnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] .
/fdrGb| kf]v/]n
d'Vo ;lrj
>fj0f
@(, @)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] b]xfo adf]lhd lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
zflGt k|s[ofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{ / 6'+uf]df k'¥ofpg tyf ;xdltsf]
jftfj/0fdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ b]zdf /fli6«o
;xdltsf] ;/sf/ aGg' k5{ / To;sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
bnsf] x}l;otdf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;xdlt h'6fpg] kxn u/f];\
eg]/ xfdLn] z'?sf lbgb]lv g} cfu|x ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt}
5 . ;xdltsf cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfb]lv
kl5Nnf] & a"Fb] ;xdlt;Ddsf j'Fbfx?df pNn]lvt jfO{=;L=Pn=sf]
?kfGt/0f, åGbsfndf lgld{t ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgfx?sf] ;dflKt, sAhf
ul/Psf 3/hUuf, ;DklQ lkmtf{ / bf]xf]/f] kb Tofu ug]{ nufotsf ljifox?sf]
sfof{Gjog k|f/De ul/of];\ eGg] ;d]tsf ;xdltsf cfwf/x?sf ;fy} ;Ddfghgs
Pj+ ;Gt'lnt x'g] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :j?k lgwf{/0f tyf Go"gtd
;femf sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ Psd'i6 ;xdlt sfod ug{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_
n] s'g} 7f];\ kxn gu/]sf] 7x/ ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] g]=s=kf=-Pdfn]_,
dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d nufotsf ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?;Fu ;Dks{ / k/fdz{
u/L pko'Qm lgsf; vf]Hg] lg0f{o ub{5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s ef]ln >fj0f #) ut] lalxaf/ laxfg
* ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df k'gM a:g] 5 .
ljdn]Gb| lglw
dxfdGqL
>fj0f
!#, @)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] a}7s ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/df ;DkGg eof]
. a}7sdf ;/sf/ u7g nufotsf uDeL/ ljifox? af/] 5nkmn eof] .
b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt / ljz]if u/L /fi6«klt
lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkl5sf /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt af/]sf] 5nkmnaf6 cl:t
k|f/De eO{ bf];|f] lbgsf] a}7s cfh k'gM z'? ePsf] xf] . a}7snfO{
;Daf]wg ug'{ x'Fb} kf6L{ ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
eGg' eof]— g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 5lj cfh /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o
hutdf uf}/jk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«klt lgjf{rgdf pbf/
nf]stflGqs k4lt / g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] k|lti7f a9]sf] 5 . ;efklt
sf]O/fnfn] o; lgjf{rgdf c? w]/} 7"nf ;fgf kf6L{x?n] cfˆgf]
cd"No dt k|of]u u/L nf]stflGqs cEof;nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg' ePsf]df wGojfb 1fkg ug'{ eof] .
o;} ;Gbe{df ;efklt sf]O/fnfn] c?n] s] eG5 eGg] lt/ eGbf o; kf6L{sf]
cfˆgf] cfbz{, d"No dfGotf / c8fgnfO{ sfod /fVb} / ;a}sf]
efjgfnfO{ Vofn /fVb} b]zJofkL ?kdf ;+u7glt/ nfUg lgb]{zg lbg'
eof] .
g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o k|rng /
dof{bfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTj gx'Fbf
x'g cfpg] kl/0ffdnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L ;fs{df k|wfgdGqLn] efu lng'
kb{5 egL :ki6 kfg'{ eof] .
a}7sdf cfhsf jQmfx?n] kf6L{n] tTsfn Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ /fli6«o
dxTjsf ljifox?, ;f+u7lgs ;'b[9Ls/0f, kf6L{n] clVtof/ u/]sf c8fgx?
/ Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx? tyf g]t[Tj k+lQmaf6 jt{dfg ;Gbe{df dgg ug'{
kg]{ ljifox?tkm{ Wofg cfs[i6 u/fpFb} cf–cfˆgf] ljrf/
/ b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug'{ eof] . a}7ssf] k|f/Dedf pk;efklt /fdrGb|
kf}8]nn] cl:tsf] a}7saf6 cfh;Dd ePsf / ul/Psf yk ;d;fdlos ljifox?sf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . 5nkmndf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? qmdzM k'?iff]Qd a:g]t,
pdfsfGt rf}w/L, afns[i0f vfF0f, Pg=kL= ;fpFb, bLks'df/ pkfWofo
/ cd//fh s}gLn] af]Ng' eof] .
;efkltn] o; a}7ssf] ;dfkgsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .
/fdrGb| kf]v/]n
d'Vo ;lrj
>fj0f
!!, @)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a:of] .
pQm a}7saf6 P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwf;efaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf
k|yd /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt Pj+ ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf kbsf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ b]z ;+j}wflgs Pj+ nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] dxTjk"0f{
r/0fdf ;kmntfk"j{s cufl8 al9 /x]sf]df hgtf, ;+ljwfg ;ef;b\x?
Pj+ ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhgLlts bnx? k|lt s[t1tf JoQm
ub}{ /fi6«klt
8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emf / lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt
;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf >L ;'efif g]DjfªnfO{ xflb{s awfO{ 1fkg
u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} pxfFx?sf] sfo{sfn ;kmn /xf];\ egL z'e–sfdgf
;d]t JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
o;}u/L /fi6«klt kbdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] tTsfnLg dxfdGqL 8f=
/fdj/0f ofbjnfO{ pDd]bjf/ k|:t't u/]sf] / pxfF ljhoL x'g' ePsf]df
xif{ k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} pxfFnfO{ / kf6L{åf/f ;dly{t pk/fi6«klt
kbdf ljhoL k/dfgGb emf Pj+ ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf ;'efif g]DjfªnfO{
;dy{g ub}{ ljhoL u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox?, /fhgLlts
bnx? Pj+ lgjf{rg ;';DkGg u/fpg cfˆgf] bfloTj jxg ug'{ x'g]
;a}nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] wGojfb lbPsf] 5 .
cfhsf] a}7sdf b]zsf] ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt / ljz]if u/L /fi6«klt
lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkl5sf /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt Pj+ uDeL/ /fhgLlts ljifox?df
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] cfˆgf] e"ldsf af/] 5nkmn eof] . k|f/Dedf
pk;efklt /fdrGb| kf}8]nn] kf6L{sf] & a'Fb] cjwf/0ff kZrft
/fi6«klt lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'Fbf ;Ddsf ultljlwx? k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmndf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? qmdzM ljgoWjh rGb, ch'{gk|;fb
hf]zL, dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{, dx]z cfrfo{, eLid/fh cfª\bDj],
uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL, pdf clwsf/L, ;'lgns'df/ e08f/L, ;'k|ef l3ld/]
/ g/xl/ cfrfo{n] af]Ng' eof] .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s hf/L 5 . csf]{ a}7s oxL >fj0f !#
ut] ;f]daf/ laxfg * ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df k'gM a:g]
5 .
/fdrGb| kf]v/]n
d'Vo ;lrj
j}zfv #),
@)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a}zfv !@ b]lv cfh;Dd a;]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
-!_ g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ljut ;f7L jif{b]lv hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwåf/f
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g' kg]{ c8fg /fVb} cfPsf] P]ltxfl;s tYo ;j{ljlbt}
5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] nfdf] ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd :j?k g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg g]kfnL sfFu|];s} g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . cg]s cfzÍf
/ c;xh kl/l:yltsf afah'b ;a} ;d"xx?nfO{ ;xdltdf NofP/ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
lgjf{rgsf qmddf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe'lt x'g ;s]g . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
af6 eP ul/Psf lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] Jofks pNn3+g, !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv
@# a'Fb] ;xdlt;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xdltsf] 3f]/ pNn3+g, g]kfnL
sfFu|]; nufot cGo kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/ tyf sfo{stf{x?dfly ul/Psf ;f+3flts
cfqmd0f / b]zel/sf dtbftfx?nfO{ cftlÍt agfP/ 8/sf] ;fd|fHodf
dtbfg ug{ ljjz u/fOPsf] sf/0f cfhsf] b'ikl/0ffd pTkGg ePsf] eGg]
lhNnfx?af6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cfd lgisif{nfO{ kf6L{sf] of] a}7s
cfTd;ft\ ub{5 . ljz]if u/L dfcf]jfbLsf] jfO{= ;L=Pn= gfds cw{
;}Go b:tfn] dRrfPsf] c;'/Iff, p208tf / sfg'g xftdf lng] cflb cftÍsf
ultljlwn] ubf{ k|lts"n kl/0ffd pTkGg ePsf] oyfy{k|lt kf6L{sf]
of] a}7s uDeL/ ePsf] 5 . g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ n] dtbftfnfO{ cfˆgf]
ljj]ssf] dt k|of]u ug{af6 jl~rt ug]{, a'y sAhf ug]{, dgf]a}1flgs
bjfadf kfg]{ / lgjf{rgsf] :jR5tfdf g} cfFr k'¥ofpg] sfd u¥of]
. To:t} dw]zdf lx+;fTds ;d"x4f/f ul/Psf c/fhs, p208 / ck/flws
ultljlwn] klg lgjf{rgsf] lgikIftfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf¥of]
. Ps bzseGbf nfdf] lx+;fTds åGåsf] sf/0f g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
sfo{stf{x?n] ef]Ug' k/]sf] lj:yfkg / o;n] kf6L{ ;+u7gdf kf/]sf]
gsf/fTds c;/ klg o:tf] kl/0ffd cfpg'sf] yk sf/0f /x\of] .
-@_ g]kfnL sfFu|]; lgjf{rg kl5sf] ca:yfdf nf]stGq / hgtfsf g};lu{s
clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ cfˆgf] P]ltxfl;s bfloTjsf k|lt cem ;hu,
;r]i6 / rgfvf] eO ax'njfbL ;+;bLo nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t d"No,
dfGotf / l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;lqmotfk"j{s
nfUg] k|0f ub{5 / cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{stf{ / z'elrGtsx?nfO{
o; sfo{df c? pT;fxsf ;fy Pstfa4 /xg cfJxfg ub{5 .
-#_ o'ufGtsf/L hg–cfGbf]ng @)^@–^# sf] cfb]z cg'?k
;'? ePsf] ;xdltsf] /fhgLltnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg kZrft cem
km/flsnf] bfo/fdf lg/Gt/tf lbg g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|lta4 5 . To:tf]
;xdlt csf]{ ;/sf/df ;xefuL x'g] p2]Zon] geO{ hgcfGbf]ng / ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg kZrftsf b'O{ k|d'v sfo{ef/— nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
/ zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ nIo ;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|of]hgsf nflu x'g' kg]{
g]kfnL sfFu|]; 7x/ ub{5 . ;xdltsf cfwf/df zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ tfls{s
lg:sif{df k'¥ofpg' tyf ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo
nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt :yfkgf ug'{ cfhsf] d"n Ph]08f xf] .
o;sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf lgjf{lrt ePsf ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{
:jLsf/ ub}{ tbg'?k cl3 a9\g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ lgDglnlvt sfo{x?sf]
clgjfo{ sfof{Gjog x'g' kb{5 M
s_ s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn;+u cfa4 ;}lgs, cw{;}lgs, Goflos, k|zf;lgs
nufotsf ;dfgfGt/ /fHo ;+/rgf ;j{dfGo nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf
ljk/Lt x'g\ . o;y{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu cfa4 hg;]gf, hgcbfnt,
hg;/sf/ nufotsf ;dfgfGt/ ;+/rgfnfO{ k6s–k6ssf] ;Demf}tf
/ ;xdlt ljk/Lt sfod /fVg] sfo{ / Jof/]lss[t jfO{=;L=Pn=sf c/fhs,
lx+;fTds, pb08 lqmofsnfksf] tTsfn cGTo tyf o;sf] cw{ ;}lgs ;+/rgf
tTsfn lj36g ul/g' kb{5 .
-v_ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf lzlj/df / o;sf n8fs'x?;Fu /x]sf] xltof/
zflGt k|lqmofsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg'?k tTsfn /fHonfO{ a'emfpg'
jf gi6 ul/g' kb{5 . a[xt zflGt ;+emf}tf cg'?k lzlj/df /x]sf dfcf]jfbL
n8fs'x?nfO{ ;dfof]hg / d'n?kdf gful/s hLjgdf k'g:yf{kg ug{ /fhgLlts
;xdltsf] ;+oGq / o;åf/f lgwf{l/t :ki6, ;doj4 sfo{ of]hgf
tTsfn nfu' ul/g' kb{5 .
-u_ sAhf ul/Psf JolQmut / ;fj{hlgs 3/–hUuf Pj+ cGo rn–crn
;DklQ lkmtf{ ug]{ ;+Gbe{df g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ljutdf af/Daf/
lnlvt k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]tfklg xfn ;Dd ;f] sfo{ ePsf] 5}g . t;y{,
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ åf/f sAhf ul/Psf rn crn ;DklQ t'?Gt lkmtf{
ul/g' kb{5 . ;fy}, lj:yflkt agfOPsf gful/s tyf g]kfnL sfFu|];
nufotsf /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ljgf /f]stf]s ;;Ddfg cf–cfkm\gf
ufpF3/df uO{ a;f]af; ug{ g;Sg] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ åf/f
lgld{t jftfj/0fsf] cGTo ul/g' kb{5 .
-3_ u0ftGqsf] sfof{Gjog ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 ug{' ckl/xfo{
ePsf]n] tbg'?k ;+ljwfgdf ;+;f]wg ul/g' kb{5 .
-ª_ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg kZrft ljsl;t /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf ;/sf/
u7g, lj36gsf] ;+;bLo k|lqmofnfO{ ;fdfGo ax'dt4f/f ;Dkfbg ug'{
kg]{ cfjZostf cg'?ksf] Joa:yf ug{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+;f]wg ul/g'
clgjfo{ 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] o:tf] ;+;f]wgaf6 /fhg}lts ;xdltsf ;fy cfd–gful/ssf]
;xeflutfdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ d'n st{Ao k|lt lglj{£g ?kdf
cfˆgf] Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug{ ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ yk ;xh jftfj/0f k|fKt
x'g]5 .
-r_ lgjf{rg kl5 klg b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFx?df cfˆgf] kf6L{nfO{
;xof]u gug]{ dtbftfx?, cGo kf6L{sf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 8/, wDsL, n'6lk6,
s'6lk6, ckx/0f, xTof ug]{, hjh{:tL rGbf c;'Ng], cfuhgL, 3/ / k]zf
5f]8\g afWo kfg]{ lqmofsnfkx? g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf sfo{stf{x?af6
eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf lqmofsnfkx? tTsfn cGTo x'g h?/L 5 .
-5_ Gofofno, ;+j}wflgs cËx?, ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWodx? / k|zf;g,
k|x/L, ;]gfsf] lgikIftf Pj+ pRr Joj;flostf ax'bnLo nf]stGqsf]
;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5g\ . oL /fli6«o ;+/rgfx?nfO{
bnut /fhgLltsf] 5fofFaf6 cnu /flvg' kb{5 . o;sf] ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu cfjZos /fhgLlts ;xdlt / a}wflgs Joa:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
-$_ cfb/0fLo kf6L{ ;efklt tyf k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;/sf/ u7g ug{ /fhg}lts bnx?nfO{ cfJxfg ul/;Sg'
ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df r'gfj kl/0ffdnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ b]zel/sf
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{x?, kf6L{sf z'e]R5'x? / nf]stGqjfbL hgtfsf]
efjgfnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fVb} gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf] ;dy{g dflysf a'Fbfx?sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf lge{/
/xg]5 . nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, ljutsf ;xdlt÷;+emf}tf
tyf k|lta4tfx?nfO{ ;fy{s / ;kmn agfpg ;xdlt tyf ;xsfo{df h'6\g]
Pj+ zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ 3f]lift nIo;Dd k'¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|];
b[9 5 .
%_ cToGt k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf ;DkGg ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf
qmddf g]kfnL sfFu|];nfO{ dtbfg ug]{ cfb/0fLo dtbftfx?, ;fy} ;xof]u,
;b\efj / ;dy{g lbg] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtf, ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ jf
txsf ldq / ;xof]uLx?k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s cfef/ / s[t1tf
JoQm ub}{ wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 . ;+ljwfg;ef4f/f gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
x'g] sfo{af6 / g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ nf]stGqsf] dfu{af6 larlnt
/ ljd'v u/fpg rfxg] s'g} klg b'ik|of;nfO{ lakmn agfpg] / nf]stGqsf
d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGt ljk/Lt s;};Fu s'g} ;Demf}tf x'g glbg]
g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|0f ub{5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s
@)^% h]7 # ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg laxfg *M)) k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf k'gM a:g]5 .
ljdn]Gb| lglw
dxfdGqL
a}zfv !@,
@)^%
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df
a:of] . cfhsf] a}7sdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;ldIff nufot ;d;fdlos
ljifox?df s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? qmdzM — ljgoWjh rGb, anaxfb'/ /fO{,
k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf, uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL, dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{,
hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL, k|bLk lu/L / nId0fk|;fb l3ld/]n] cf–cfˆgf]
wf/0ff /fVg' eof] .
a}7sn] ?s'd, uf]/vf, sflnsf]6, bfª, x'Dnf, tgx'F, ;'v]{t,
;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, ;Nofg, /f]Nkf nufotsf ljleGg lhNnfx?df g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ af6 g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{ / dtbftfx?dfly cfqmd0f
u/L uDeL/ 3fOt] agfpg'sf ;fy} c+ue+u x'g] u/L s'6lk6 ug]{, r/d
zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgf lbO{ 3/ ufpFaf6 lj:yflkt agfpg] tyf s}nfnL,
jlb{of nufotsf lhNnfx?df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf]
cGg tyf gub]jfnLx? n'6\g] h:tf sfdx? lg/Gt/ ?kdf e}/x]sf]df uDeL/
cfklQ / v]b k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s hf/L 5 . csf]{ a}7s oxL @)^% a}zfv !^
ut] ;f]daf/sf lbg laxfg * ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df a:g]
ePsf] 5 .
zf]efs/ k/fh'nL
d'Vo ;lrj
c;f]h
@#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{o
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt
Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] @)^$ cflZjg @!, @@ / @# ut];Dd
a;]sf] tLg lbgsf] a}7sn] lgDglnlvt lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M
;ft bn dWo]s} Ps k|d'v 36s g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ n] zflGt ;Demf}tf
/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k"j{ ;xdlt e};s]sf ljifo / efjgf ljkl/t
k6s–k6s gofF zt{ k|:t't u/]sf] sf/0f @)^$ d+;L/ ^ ut]sf
nflu lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg :ylut x'g' kg]{ jfWofTds
kl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g k'Uof] . of] s'/f g]kfn, g]kfnL hgtf / nf]stGq
/ zflGtsf nflu lgZrog} b'ef{Uok"0f{ s'/f xf] . o;jf6 zflGt
k|s[of / nf]stflGqs k|s[ofdf ;d]t wSsf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfnsf z'elrGts ;d:t cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf
uDeL/ lvGgtf 5fPsf] 5 .
xfdL ;j}sf] d"n nIo g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg u/fpg'
xf] . eo/lxt / :jtGq jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg
;s] dfq} hgtf jf:tljs ?kdf ;fj{ef}d aGg ;Sb5g\ . xfdL ;j}sf] ;femf
;xdltsf] b:tfj]h g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf]
k"0f{ kl/kfng ug'{g} ;ft bnsf] ;'b[9 Pstfsf] cfwf/ xf] /
nIfdf k'lug] alnof] dfWod klg xf] .
To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf Joj:yfx?jf6 ljrlnt ge} ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf] ldlt tf]sL cufl8 a9\g'sf] ca s'g} ljsNk 5}g eGg] s'/f
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] :ki6 wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 / ;a} ;xof]uL bn / ljz]if
u/L g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf u+eL/ x'g cfXjfg ub{5
.
1. hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg u/fpg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg xfdL
;a}sf] d"n /fli6«o Ph]08f /x]sf] ;j{ljlbt g} 5 . k6s–k6s
o;sf] :yug x'g' b'ef{Uok"0f{ xf] . t;y{, :ylut /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf nflu gofF ;do / ldlt cljnDj tf]Sg ;ft bn / g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu
cfu|x ub{5 .
2. /fhgLlts bnx?sfjLr ;xdlt eP/ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / P]g
sfg"gn] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/;s]sf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / æ;+ljwfg
;efsf] klxnf] j}7såf/f /fh;+:yf /fVg] g/fVg] s'/fsf] 6'Ëf]
nufpg]Æ eGg] h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ pN6\ofP/ ljjfb v8f ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg g} k5fl8 ws]lnPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfWodjf6 b]znfO{
;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds nf]stGqsf] jf6f]df cu|;/ u/fpg e};s]sf ;xdltnfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;+;bdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj lkmtf{ lng cfu|x
ub{5f}F . ;fy}, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n x'g] cfGbf]ngsf
;a} sfo{qmdx? lkmtf{ lng cfu|x ub{5f}F .
3. ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efåf/f gofF ;+ljwfgsf]
lgdf{0f, gofF ;+ljwfg dfkm{t\ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ub}{
;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf u/L :yfoL zflGt sfod ug{ ;ft /fhgLlts bnx? aLr Pstf / d]nldnfk
sfod /fVg' cfh emg} ckl/xfo{ ePsf] xfd|f] b[9 dfGotf bf]x¥ofpg
rfxG5f}F . g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nufot ;ft bnleqsf ;a} bnx?;Fu
of] Pstf e+u x'g glbg cfu|x ub{5f}F .
4. g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ / To; kf6L{;Fu ;Da4 ;+u7gn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
s]Gb|Lo txb]lv lhNnf / gu/ tyf ufpF tx;Ddsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?
Pj+ cGo /fhgLlts bnsf ;b:ox?, lzIfs tyf /fi6« ;]jsx? / cGo
sltko gful/sx?sf lj?4 slyt …sfnf] ;"rLÚ k|sflzt
ub}{ hgsf/jfxL ug]{ gfpFdf zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s si6 k'¥ofpg]
/ pgLx?nfO{ ckdflgt ug]{ sfd ub}{5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf sf/0f lj:yflkt
ePsf kl/jf/x? cfkm\gf] 3/df kmsL{ ;'/lIft ;fy a:g, 3/ hUuf, >L;DklQ
ef]urng ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ce}m ;[hgf ePsf] 5}g . 7fpF–7fpFdf
lhNnfdf k|j]z ug{ lgif]w ug]{, sfnf]df];f] bNg], xftv'§f
efFRg] nufotsf lx+;fTds 36\gfx? cem} 3l6/x]sf 5g . rGbf cft+s
clxn] klg rfn' 5 . k|rlnt P]g sfg"gsf] cj1f ub}{ /fHo k|zf;gnfO{
lgik|efjL agfpg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ d'n'sdf c;'/Iffsf]
l:ylt a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . To:tf cg'lrt sfo{x? zflGt ;+emf}tfsf]
3f]/ pNn3+g Pj+ JolQmut :jtGqtf Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff
dflysf] cltqmd0f xf] . dfcf]jfbLx?n] o:tf sfo{x? t'?Gt aGb u/L
zflGt ;+emf}tf dfly k|lta4tf b]vfpg dfu
ub{5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] dgf]an pRr t'NofO{ cfd
gful/ssf] hLpwgsf] /Iff ug]{ sfo{df tbf?stfsf ;fy cl3 a9\g ;/sf/nfO{
g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 . ljBfnodf cWoog/t caf]w afn–aflnsfsf]
ckx/0f / g[z+; xTofsf] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; d'n'sdf
a9\bf] ck/flws/0f dfly cljnDa lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f
ub{5 .
5. ;+rf/ If]qsf] :jtGqtf dfly nuftf/ x:tIf]ksf 36gfnfO{ eT;{gf
ub}{ tyf kqsf/ >L aL/]Gb| zfxsf] ckx/0fsf] 3f]/ lgGbf ub}{
g]kfnL sfFu|]; >L zfx nufot dfcf]jfbLaf6 ckx/0f ul/Psf ;a}
gful/sx?sf] tTsfn ;s'zn l/xfO{sf] df+u ub{5 / bf]ifLx? dfly s8f
sf/jfxL ug{ df+u ub{5 . ;fy}, nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf ljk/Lt,
;a} ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWodx?sf] r/d b'?kof]u eO/x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s uDeL/ cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ o:tf] b'?kof]u
tTsfn aGb ug{ ;/sf/;Fu df+u ub{5 .
6. uf]Ot ;d"x, Hjfnf l;+x ;d"x nufot ljleGg ;d"x?af6
hf/L lx+;f, xTof, ckx/0f / cftÍsf] tLj| eT;{gf ub}{ o:tf
ultljlw gug{ / ckx/0f ul/Psfx?nfO{ tTsfn ;s'zn l/xfO{ ug{ tyf
kxf8 / t/fO{df ljleGg gfddf cfGbf]ng/t ;d"xx?nfO{ zflGtk"0f{
jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;xdlt vf]Hg cfXjfg ub{5 .
7. g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf / g]kfnL
sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf ;efklt >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ljr @)^$
c;f]h * ut] b'j} kf6L{sf] dxf;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sdf PsLs/0fsf]
;Demf}tf kqdf x:tfIf/ eO{ b'j} kf6L{ Ps eO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]
?kdf PsLs[t ePsf] / To; PsLs/0fnfO{ dxf;ldltsf] ;f] ;+o'Qm a}7sn]
cg'df]bg u/]sf] k|lt s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s cToGt xif{
k|s6 ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;lqmo of]ubfg ug]{ / z'e]R5f /fVg] ;a} k|lt
wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 .
8. b'a} kf6L{sf] PsLs/0f eO{ ;+o'Qm dxf;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cg'df]bg
/ lg0f{o cg';f/ lgjf{rg cfof]udf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;+zf]lwt lawfg
;lxt ldlt @)^$÷)^÷!! df btf{ u/fO{ ;lsPsf] / Joj:yflksf
;+;bdf klg b'a} ;+;bLo bnsf] PsLs/0fsf] nflu hfgsf/L u/fO;lsPsf]n]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bleqsf / b]zel/sf kf6L{sf ;a} tx, lgsfo / eft[ Pj+
z'e]R5's ;+:yfx?n] To;} cg';f/ ;lqmo x'g cfXjfg ub{5 .
9. /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf aLr a9\bf] c;dembf/L, lx+;fTds 36\gfsf]
lg/Gt/tf, /fhdfu{df cj/f]w / jGbsf sf/0f /fHon] k|bfg ug'{ kg]{
;]jf / ;'ljwfdf gf6sLo 9+un] ¥xf; ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o
nufgL lub}{ hfg]– ljsf; :ylut x'g], hgtfn] vfg]kfgL, ljh'nL,
OGwg, lzIff / :jf:Yo ;'ljwf kfpg sl7g x'Fb} hfg] ljBdfg kl/l:ylt
k|lt ;/sf/sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} hgtfnfO{ ;]jf–;'ljwf
k|bfg ug]{ lbzfdf b[9 sbd rfNg g]kfnL sfFu|]; df+u ub{5 .
10. d'n'ssdf ljleGg efudf cfGbf]ng/t kIfx?;Fu Jofks /fhg}lts ;+jfbsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ dxz'z u/L pgLx?;Fu ;Djfb / ;dembf/L k|j4{g ug{ kf6L{
:t/df g]kfnL sfFu|];n] s]Gb|Lo jftf{ 6f]nL u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ub{5
.
11. kf6L{ PsLs/0fkl5 kf6L{ ultljlw / hg;Dks{nfO{ tLj|tf k|bfg
ug{, dxf;ldltsf lg0f{o, 3f]if0ffkq tyf ;d;fdlos /fhg}lts d'2fdf
kf6L{sf ljrf/x?sf] ;Dk|]if0f / k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;a} lhNnf
sfo{;ldlt, If]qLo sfo{;ldlt, ufpF / gu/ sfo{;ldltsf ;fy} ;a} e|ft[
Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+u7gx?nfO{ ;r]tgf ¥ofnL, Pstf ;ef, cfd;ef tyf
ufpF, gu/ If]qLo / lhNnf :t/df sfo{stf{ e]nf, ljrf/ uf]i7L, k|lzIf0f
cflb sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ u/fpg lg0f{o ub{5 .
12. PsLs/0fsf] b:tfj]hdf k|aGw eP cg';f/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;+;bLo
;ldltsf] u7g ldlt @)^$ c;f]h !^ df b]xfo adf]lhd ul/Psf] Joxf]/f
hfgsf/L eof] M
-!_ ;efklt — >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
-@_ ;b:o — ;+:yfks g]tf >L s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{
-#_ ;b:o — g]tf >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
-$_ ;b:o — sfo{jfxs ;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnf
-%_ ;b:o — pk;efklt >L /fdrGb| kf}8]n
-^_ ;b:o — pk;efklt >L uf]kfndfg >]i7
-&_ ;b:o — pk;efklt >L k|sfzdfg l;+x
-*_ ;b:o — dxfdGqL >L s'naxfb'/ u'?ª
-(_ ;b:o — dxfdGqL >L ljdn]Gb| lglw
-!)_ ;b:o — dxfdGqL 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj
-!!_ ;b:o — s]Gb|Lo ;b:o >L ljgoWjh rGb
ljdn]Gb| lglw
dxfdGqL
c;f]h @#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ Pj+ slj j}/fuL sfFOnf k|lt :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf
k|ltudg lj/f]wL hgcfGbf]ng
@)^@÷)^# nfO{ ;|i6fx?sf] tkm{af6 ;zQm agfpg ul7t nf]stflGqs
;|i6fx?sf] d~rsf ;efklt ;d]t /xg' ePsf jl/i7 ;flxTosf/ Pj+ slj
æj}/fuL sfFOnfÆ ->L ltnljqmd g]Djfª_ clxn]
cf]d xl:k6n P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/, rfjlxndf :jf:Yof]krf/ u/fO{ /xg'
ePsf] 5 . pxfF gfsaf6 /ut aUg] /f]uaf6 lkl8t x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf]
cj:yf cToGt uDeL/ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldlt cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] pxfFsf] zL3|
:jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub}{, ;/sf/n] pxfFsf] ;Dk"0f{ pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf u/f];\ egL hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
ljdn]Gb| lglw
dxfdGqL
@)^$÷^÷!*
k|]; lj1lKt
@)^$ ;fn d+l;/
^ ut]sf] lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
;/sf/ Pj+ lgjf{rg cfof]usf tkm{af6 ;Dk"0f{ tof/L e}O;s]sf]
cj:yfdf lgjf{rg /f]lsg'nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; b'Mvb Pj+ b'ef{Uok"0f{
36gf 7fGb5 . o;n] ubf{ ljgf zt{ lgwf{l/t ;do / sfo{qmd cg';f/
lgjf{rgdf hfg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] lg0f{o Pj+ k|lta4tfdf cf3ft k'u]sf]
5 .
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] lxhf] ePsf] ;ft bnsf] a}7sdf clGtd cj:yf;Dd k"j{lgwf{l/t
;dodf g} lgjf{rgdf ;xeflu x'g Pj+ ;DkGg u/fpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ nufot ;a} bnx?nfO{ cfu|x ug'{ePsf] xf] . t/
lgjf{rgsf] k"j{ ;GWofdf cfP/ ljutsf] ;xdlt Pj+ ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf ljkl/t g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ n] /fv]sf gofF zt{ Pj+ c8fgsf sf/0f lgwf{l/t ;dodf
lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] c;xh Pj+ ck|Toflzt kl/l:ylt ;[hgf x'g
k'Uof] . ljBdfg ;+j]bgzLn /fhg}lts cj:yfdf zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ cuf8L
a9fpg ;ft bn aLrsf] PstfnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg' kg]{ ckl/xfo{tfnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL lgjf{rg ;fg'{ kg]{ o; kl/l:yltnfO{ afWotfa; :jLsf/
ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ljjz ePsf] 5 .
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf 9+un] ;DkGg u/fpg' lgjf{rg
cfof]un] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ tof/Lx?sf] xfdL k|z+;f u5f}F{ / lgjf{rgsf]
ko{j]If0f Pj+ cg'udgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfon] b]vfPsf] ;xof]u Pj+ pT;fxsf] klg ;/fxgf ub{5f}+ .
o; kl/l:yltsf] lgsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df lgjf{rgsf]
gofF ldlt cljnDa tf]lsg' kb{5 . lgjf{rgnfO{ ljyf]Ng] vfnsf ultljlw
s'g} jxfgfdf s'g} klg kIfaf6 l;h{gf ul/g' x'Gg eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]
b[9 wf/0ff 5 . ;fy} lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfh{g u/]sf] ljZj;gLotf Pj+
cGt{/fli6«o ;xof]u / ;b\efj gofF ldltdf x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu
;d]t hf/L /xg] 5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ .
-;'zLn sf]O/fnf_
sfo{jfxs ;efklt
efb|
@), @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a:of] . a}7sdf kf6L{ PsLs/0fsf af/]df lj:t[t 5nkmn
eof] . a}7sn] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf]
ljwfg cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s hf/L 5 . k'gM a:g] a}7ssf] ldlt
/ :yfg af/] kl5 ;"rgf ul/g]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
efb|
!(, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a:of] . a}7sn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5—
!= g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] ldlt !# efb| @)^$ df ul7t
;+ljwfg;ef 3f]if0ffkq tof/L ;ldltn] 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf
cfhsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|:t't u¥of] . d:of}bf
pk/ s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] cfhsf] a}7sdf lj:t[t 5nkmnkl5 sfo{;ldltn]
3f]if0ffkq d:of}bf ;ldltnfO{ ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo ;+/rgf / ax'bnLo
nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ d"n ;}4flGts cfwf/ dfgL hgtfsf]
;Dk|e'tf— hgtfsf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ljlwsf] zf;g,
cfjlws lgjf{rg, :jtGq / lgikIf Gofokflnsf, cs'l07t k|]; :jtGqtf,
zlQm k[ysLs/0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf] l;4fGt, ;+ljwfgjfb cflb
;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg;efaf6 hgtfsf] :jfldTjsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
ug{ 3f]if0ffkqsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{ lgb]{zg u¥of] . kf6L{sf]
3f]if0ffkq d:of}bfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dxf;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|:t't
ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu a}7sn] @)^$ c;f]h ^ / & ut] sf7df8f}Fdf
dxf;ldltsf] a}7s 8fSg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} a}7sn] d'n'sdf
lx+;f, eo / qf; pTkGg u/fpg] ;a} vfn] lx+;fTds ;|f]t ;+oGq / clwgfosjfbL
rl/q, k|j[lQ / Jojxf/nfO{ cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{
;'b[9 agfpg] ;+sNk / k|ltj4tf k|s6 ug{ ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ cfXjfg
;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s
ef]ln efb| @) ut] laxfg *M)) ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf
k'gM a:g]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
efb| !$, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
a}7s g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6/df cfh a:of] .
a}7sn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M–
!= !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv cfh;Dd ul/Psf ;xdlt, ;Demf}tf Pj+ k|ltj4tfx?k|lt
g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sfof{Gjog kIfdf pbfl;g /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ;xdlt cg'?k sfof{Gjog u/fpg cljnDj 7f];\ sbd
rfnf];\ eGg] df+u ub{5 .
@= ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k"j{ ;GWofdf b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg cfjZos 5 . hgtfsf] hLp–wgsf] /Iff
Pj+ :jtGq, lgikIf Pj+ wfFwnL/lxt lgjf{rgsf nflu zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt lbg ;/sf/;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8bf/
df+u ub{5 .
#= g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ x?n] sAhf u/]sf] 3/, hUuf, ;DklQx? cljnDj
lkmtf{ u/fO{ lj:yflktx?sf] cljnDj k'g:yf{kgf ug{ ;/sf/;Fu df+u
ub{5 .
$= j[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] k|ltj4tf cg'?k aGb, rSsf
hfd, x8\tfn h:tf lgjf{rgnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ lqmofsnfk
gug{ ;a} /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf eft[ ;+:yf, ljleGg k]zf÷Joj;fodf
;+nUg ;d"x nufot ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfXjfg
ub{5 .
%= g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf lhDd]jf/ g]tfn] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] gfd g} pNn]v u/L ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ef}lts
sfjf{xL ug]{ cf;osf] cleJolQmk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; 3f]/ cfklQ, v]b
/ eT;{gf k|s6 ub}{ lhNnf lhNnfdf klg dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 x'g] u/]sf
wDsL, 8/, qf; t'?Gt aGb ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5 .
o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg cloefgsf] ;Gbe{df k|lt:kwL{ /fhgLlts
bnsf cfd;ef nufotsf sfo{qmdx?df xfnsf lbgx?df dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6
ul/Psf] cjf+l5t cj/f]w / cfqmd0fnfO{ tTsfn aGb ug{ dfcf]jfbL kIfsf]
Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} To:tf sfo{sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lgGbf ub{5 .
^= t/fO{sf s]xL lhNnfdf e}/x]sf] lx+;f / ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj e8\sfpg]
vfnsf lqmofsnfksf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; eT;{gf ub{5 . o:tf vfnsf lx+;fTds
/ c/fhs ultljlw /f]Sg ;Dj4 ;a} kIf;Fu g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5
. ;fy} o:tf cjf+l5t ultljlwnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f u/L hgtfsf]
hLp–wgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;/sf/;Fu cfu|x ub{5 .
;dj]bgf
!= g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;b:o Pj+ /fli6«o
;efsf k"j{ ;f+;b lgnfDa/ kGyLsf] @)^$ efb| !@ ut] ePsf] lgwg
/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; Ko"7fg lhNnfsf k"j{ ;efklt x]d/fh zdf{sf]
@)^$ efb| * ut] ePsf] lgwgk|lt g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm
ub{5 . ;fy} lbj+ut cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf zf]s
;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
@= k;f{ lhNnf dx'jg uf=lj=;= lgjf;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf dxflwj]zg
k|ltlglw km'nrg ;fx sfg"sf] >fj0f & ut] z'qmaf/ /flt
t/fO{ hgtflGqs d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x_ sf sfo{stf{x?n] u/]sf]
xTofsf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; lj/f]w ub{5 . g]kfnL sfFu|]; d[t cfTdfsf]
lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6
ub{5 .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of]
a}7s hf/L 5 . k'gM a:g] a}7ssf] ldlt / :yfg af/] kl5 ;"rgf
ul/g]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
efb|
!#, @)^$
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt
Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf
a:of] . a}7sn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5—
!= g]kfnL sfFu|];sf pk;efklt
;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg cleofg ;ldlt u7g
eof] . ;f] ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?df— g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf
kbflwsf/L Pj+ s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?, cfdlGqt s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?, eft[ Pj+
z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf s]Gb|Lo ;efklt÷cWoIfx? /xg' ePsf] 5 .
@= s]Gb|Lo ;b:o rqmk|;fb afF:tf]nfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf !@ ;b:oLo 3f]if0ff
kq tof/L ;ldlt u7g eof] . ;f] ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?df— 8f= /fdj/0f
ofbj, 8f= /fdz/0f dxt, eLdaxfb'/ tfdfª, ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=,
dx]z cfrfo{, nId0fk|;fb l3ld/], g/xl/ cfrfo{, dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{,
;'hftf sf]O/fnf, kb\dgf/fo0f rf}w/L / ;'k|ef l3ld/] /xg' ePsf]
5 .
#= s]Gb|Lo ;b:o nId0fk|;fb l3ld/]sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x?sf]
gfdfjnL ;+sng ;ldlt u7g eof] . ;f] ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?df— v'daxfb'/
v8\sf, uf]kfn/fh kxf8L, ljgoWjh rGb, kmd"{Nnfx dG;'/, dLgf
kf08] / g]kfn dlxnf ;+3sL s]Gb|Lo ;efklt clDasf a:g]t /xg' ePsf]
5 .
$= s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ch'{gg/l;+x s]=;L=sf] ;+of]hsTjdf k|rf/–k|;f/
;ldlt u7g eof] . ;f] ;ldltsf] ;b:ox?df— jnb]j zdf{ dhu}ofF,
cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf, k'?iff]Qd a:g]t, zf]efs/ k/fh'nL ;lxt #! hgf
/xg' x'g]5 .
%= g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ aLr Pstf / PsLs/0fsf
nflu e}/x]sf] k|oTg af/] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltn] hfgsf/L lnof] / sfo{bnnfO{
oyfzL3| 6'+uf]df k'¥ofpg lgb]{zg lbg] lg0f{o u¥of] .
^= cflbjf;L hghfltsf k|ltlglw / dw]zL hg clwsf/ kmf]/dsf k|ltlglw;Fu
;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;Demf}tfsf] :jfut ub}{ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf
nflu ;DalGwt ;a} kIfnfO{ cfXjfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
&= ;dfg'kflts / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;Defljt
pDd]bjf/x?sf] gfdfjnL s]Gb|df k7fpg ;a} lhNnf / If]qx?nfO{ kl/kq
ug]{ / gfdfjnL k7fpFbf tLg hgf dWo] Ps hgf dlxnf clgjfo{ /xg'
kg]{5 . ;dfg'kfltssf xsdf -cyf{t\ aGb ;"lrsf nflu_ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] lgb]{zg u/] adf]lhdsf] ju{, ;d"x / k|]lift kqfg';f/
;Defljt pDd]bjf/x?sf] gfpF l;kmfl/z u/L s]Gb|df k7fpg' kg]{5 eGg]
lg0f{o eof] .
*= g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] eft[ ;+:yf— g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 / g]kfn
cflbjf;L hghflt ;+3 Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yf g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ;+3sf]
ljwfg cg'df]bg eof] .
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s
ef]ln efb| !$ ut] laxfg (M#) ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf
k'gM a:g]5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
>fj0f !#, @)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf k|wfgdGqL
lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df cfh a;]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf] 5—
!= xfn}sf] clj/n jiff{n]
b]zsf ljleGg efudf 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] / t/fO{
If]qsf clwsf+z efu hndUg eO{ xhf/f}F hgtf 3/jf/ljlxg x'g k'u]sf]df
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf tkm{af6 p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dxfdGqL
s]=aL=u'?ªsf] ;+of]hsTjdf kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? / ljleGg
eft[ Pj+ z'e]R5's ;+:yfsf ;efklt÷cWoIfx?, kf6L{sf lhNnf
;efkltx? ;lxtsf] Ps af9L kLl8t p4f/ ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 / ;f]
;ldltn] cfh} a}7s a;L p4f/ sfo{sf] sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
zf]s k|:tfj
æg]kfnL sfFu|]; kj{t lhNnfsf g]tf, k"j{ ;xfos dGqL
tyf kj{t lhNnf If]q g+= @ af6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw ;efsf jt{dfg ;b:o
l8NnL/fh zdf{sf] ^! jif{sf] pd]/df cfh >fj0f !# ut] laxfg nDh'ª
a]zLzx/df x[bo3ftaf6 b'Mvb lgwg eof] . h]n ;'wf/ ;+;bLo ;ldltsf]
g]t[Tj u/L pxfF h]n lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf oxL >fj0f !@ sf lbg nDh'ª
hfg' ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3af6 /fhgLlt
z'? u/L kf6L{sf] ljleGg txdf /x]/ g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf
cgj/t ?kn] nflu /xg' ePsf :juL{o zdf{n] cg]s k6s h]nsf] oftgf
a]xf]g'{ ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] cjlw;Dd ljleGg :yfgdf lzIfs eP/ pxfFn]
sfd ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] of] b'Mvb lgwgaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|];
/ g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngn] Ps xf]gxf/ JolQmTj u'dfPsf] 5
. kf6L{sf nflu of] ck"/0fLo Iflt xf] . pxfFsf] of] c;fdlos
lgwgdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; ulx/f] zf]s JoQm ub{5 / pxfFsf] cfTdfsf]
lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{, pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf
k|s6 ub{5 .Æ
zf]s sfo{qmd
:juL{o zdf{sf] zjnfO{ cfh} nDh'ªaf6 NofP/, clGtd >4f~hnLsf]
lgldQ— ck/fGx ! b]lv # ah];Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg, ;fg]kfdf /flvg] 5 . cfh} ck/fGx $ ah]
pxfFsf] kfly{j z/L/nfO{ kz'klt cfo{3f6df bf;+:sf/ ul/g] sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 .
-k|sfz zdf{_
;x–;lrj
c;f/ @$,
@)^$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/df
cfh a;]sf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf] 5—
g]kfnL sfFu|]; / g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf cgGo z'elrGts
ef/tsf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL Pj+ ;dfhjfbL g]tf >L rGb|z]v/hLsf]
cfh laxfg ePsf] b'Mvb lgwgaf6 g]kfnL sfFu|]; :tAw x'g k'u]sf]
5 .
o; If]qsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf rGb|z]v/hLsf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg
/x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] o; lgwgn] blIf0f Plzofel/s} k|hftGq / dfgj
clwsf/sf] Ps e/;nfUbf] JolQmTj u'd]sf] cg'ej xfdLnfO{ ePsf] 5
.
o; b'Mvb 38Ldf :j= rGb|z]v/hLsf ;d:t kl/jf/hg / cfkmGthgx?k|lt
ulx/f] ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of]
a}7s :j= rGb|z]v/hLk|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
@)^#
kmfu'g @$
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf
pk;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf cfh k|wfgdGqL lgjf;
afn'jf6f/df a;]sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf]
5 M
!= g]kfnL sfFu|]; nufot ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr Pj+ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr ePsf cfh;Ddsf ;dembf/L,
;xdlt, ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6 gePsf]n] cljnDj
o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;/sf/n] u/fpg'k5{ . d"ntM dfcf]jfbLåf/f
sJhf ul/Psf 3/ hUuf Pj+ ;DklQ lkmtf{ nufot ;xdlt ;+emf}tfsf cGo
s'/f sfof{Gjog geP;Dd dfcf]jfbL;Fu ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f aGg ;Sb}g
. t;y{ of] k|Zgsf] tTsfn ;dfwfgn] dfq zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u
k'Ug ;S5 eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] 7x/ 5 .
@= d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt Hofb} gfh's 5 . dfcf]jfbL kIfaf6
hgtfnfO{ 8/fpg], wDSofpg], hjh{:tL rGbf c;'ln, ;fª\3flts
cfqmd0f, JolQmsf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs jg s6fgL cflb sfo{x? e}/x]sf 5g\
. ;fy} lzlj/df btf{ ul/Psf xltof/ / n8fs" aLr b]lvPsf] cljZj;gLo
cj:yfn] cfd hgtfdf uDeL/ cfz+sf pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs :yndf
xltof/ k|bz{g nufotsf sfo{x? ;d]t lg/Gt/ hf/L 5g\ . sfg"gnfO{
cfˆgf] xftdf lng] o; k|sf/sf ultljlwx?n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg
;dod} ug]{ /fli6«o k|ltj4tfdf ;d]t k|lts"n c;/ kfg{
;Qm5 . o; k|sf/sf ultljlwnfO{ t'?Gt} aGb u/L sfg"gL /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfcf]jfbL kIfn] cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 / /fHon] klg of]
;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{ cfjZos sbd rfNg'kb{5 eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]
7x/ 5 .
#= dw]zsf] rfn' cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ hghLjg si6s/ x'g'sf ;fy} cfly{s
lqmofsnfkx? c:tJo:t ePsf 5g\ . b]zsf] pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, cfoft–lgof{t
Pj+ s[ifsx?sf] cj:yf lbgk|ltlbg bogLo aGb}5 . b]zdf zflGt ;'–Joj:yf
sfod u/L hghLjgnfO{ ;fdfGo agfpg ;/sf/n] tTsfn cfjZos sbd rfnf];\
.
$= t/fO{ nufot b]zsf ljleGg If]q Pj+ cflbjf;L hghflt nufotsf ;d"xaf6
cfPsf dfux?sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt kIfx?;Fu jftf{ u/L /fli6«o
;xdltsf cfwf/df ;dfwfg vf]lhg'k5{ eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] dfGotf
5 .
%= b]z cfh uDeL/ ;+qmd0fdf 5 . lbuf] zflGt, nf]stflGqs ax'bnLo
Joj:yfsf] ljsf; Pj+ cfly{s ;d'Gglt cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf]
/ o;sf nflu ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx? vf;u/L cf7 /fhgLlts bnx? aLrsf]
/fli6«o ;dembf/L Pj+ k|ltj4tfnfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug'{ cfjZos
5 . o; cj:yfdf b]zsf] zflGt ;'/IffnfO{ vnn kfg]{, ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{rg h]i7 dlxgfdf x'g glbg], k|ltufdL if8\oGqsf] vt/fnfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] Pj+ cfly{s ultljlwdfly k|lts"n c;/ k'¥ofpg]
lsl;dsf s'g} klg k|sf/sf ultljlwx?k|lt ;ts{ /xb} j[xt\ /fli6«o
Pstf Pj+ ;dembf/L lgdf{0f ub}{ cl3 a9\g' kb{5 eGg] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf]
:ki6 wf/0ff 5 .
^= g]kfnL jfª\dosf Ps cys ;fws tyf g]kfnL sfJo ;flxTosf cu|0fL
slj df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] xfn} :juf{/f]x0f eof] . o;k|lt g]kfnL sfFu|];
ulx/f] zf]s JoQm ub{5 / pxfFsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ pxfFsf
zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
df3 @@, @)^#
k|]; lj1lKt
cfh g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf
a;]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0fo{x?
u/]sf] 5 M–
!= ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;dfj]zL /
Gofo k"0f{ k'gM;+/rgf ug{ tyf xfn dw]zsf ljleGg efudf k|s6
ePsf] hgtfsf] dfu / efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{– ;dfg hg;+Vof tyf
ef}uf]lns cg's"ntfsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu
lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgwf{/0f ub}{ hg;+Vof a9L ePsf lhNnfx?df lgjf{rg
If]q a9fpg] / ;f]xL ;+Vofdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 cfpg]
k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+Vof klg a9fpg] u/L cfjZos Joa:yf ug{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
cljnDa ;+;f]wg u/L cfufdL h]7 dlxgfleq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg
;DkGg ug]{ jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; dfu ub{5 .
@= /fHon] dw]zL, hghflt, cflbjf;L / dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]qsf
hgtfnfO{ /fHosf ;+/rgfx?df ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL cfwf/df ;d'lrt
k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf] k|aGw ul/g'k5{ .
#= dw]zdf rln/x]sf] cfGbf]ngdf s}of}+ gful/sx? / ;'/IffsdL{sf]
Hofg u'd]sf] / s}of}+ JolQm 3FO{t] x'g k'u]sf / wghgsf] 7"nf]
Iflt x'g uPsf]df g]kfnL sf+u|]; ulx/f] b'Mv k|s6 ub{5 / zf]s;+tKt
kl/jf/x?df ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf
ub{5 .
$= oL 36\gfx?df jL/ult k|fKt ug]{x?sf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt /fxt / 3fOt]x?sf]
;d'lrt pkrf/ u/fpg] sfo{ tbf?stfsf ;fy ul/of];\ eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];
hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
%= dw]zL, cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt, dlxnf / tdfd pk]lIft ju{ / If]qsf
hgtfsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;fd"lxs ?kn] ;Daf]wg ug{ cljnDa cf7 bnsf]
j}7s a;L ;dfwfg ul/of];\ eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; dfu ub{5 .
^= hgtfn] p7fPsf ofjt\ hfoh dfux?nfO{ zflGtk'0f{ jftf{sf] dfWodaf6
;dfwfg ug{'k5{ eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df jl/i7 dGqL dxGy 7fs'/sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t jftf{ ;ldlt;+u
jftf{df cu|;/ x'g ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO g]kfnL sf+u|]; xflb{s cfJxfg
ub{5 .
&= nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf cu|l0f e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf /
/fHosf] rf}yf] c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf kqsf/x?dfly ;f+3flts xdnf ug]{
tyf /fi6«sf ;Ddflgt lje"ltx?sf k|ltdfx? tf]8\g] / kf6L{
sfof{no, kf6L{sf g]tf tyf ;j{;fwf/0fsf 3/ / ;fj{hlgs ejgx?df tf]8km]f8
cfuhgL ug]{ h:tf c/fhs / lx+;fTds sfo{k|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; b'Mv
k|s6 ub}{ o:tf sfo{x? x'g glbg ;a};+u cfu|x ub{5 . ;/sf/n] klg
hgtfsf] lhpwgsf] ;'/IFf ug]{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgi7fk"j{s lgjf{x
ug'{kb{5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
*= cf7 bnleqsf ;a} /fhgLlts bnx?n] klg af¥x a'b]+ ;dembf/L
nufot clxn];Dd ePsf ;a} ;dembf/L, ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfx?sf] k"0f{
OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy kfngf ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; hf]8bf/ cfu|x ub{5 . /fhgLlts
bnx?sf] Pstf, cfk;L ljZjf; / ;dembf/Ln] dfq pkl:yt r'gf}ltx?sf]
;fdgf ub}{ ;dodf g} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
(= dw]z g]kfnL nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'v phf{ s]Gb| xf] eg]
dw]z / dw]zL hgtf g]kfnL /fli6«otf / /fi6«jfbsf] jlnof]
/ e/kbf]{ vDaf x'g eGg] s'/fdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; laZjf; ub{5 . g]kfnL–g]kfnL
aLr k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] ;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / d]nldnfk
sfod /fvL nf]stGqsf] /IFf ug{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh' efO tyf
lbbL alxgLx?nfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; xflb{s clkn ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'= d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
d+l;/ !(, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf] cWoIftfdf cfh
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]lGb|o sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/df
a:of] . a}7sn] ;d;fdlos ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ lgDg lg0f{ox? u/]sf]
5 .
!= ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL aLr ev{/} ;DkGg zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogdf
dfcf]jfbL kIf cem}+ klg uDeL/ gePsf] / hj{h:tL rGbf, s/ c;"nL,
ckx/0f, ;}Go etL{ h:tf sfo{ hf/L g} /x]sf tyf sAhf ul/Psf 3/ ;DklQ
hUuf–hdLg lkmtf{ u/L lj:yflktx?nfO{ 3/ kms{g] ;xh jftfj/0f
gagfOPsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
;/sf/ tyf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] cf–cfkm\gf dftxtsf lgsfonfO{
kl/kq hf/L u/L To:tf sf/jfxL cljnDa aGb ug{ / u/fpg lgb]{zg lbg'k5{
eg]/ g]kfnL sfFu|]; hf]8 lbg rfxG5 .
@= b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ce}m ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] / n'6kf6
/ rf]/L 8s}tLsf 36gf e}/x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] tbf?stfsf ;fy zflGt
;'/Iff sfod u/fpg] st{Jo kfngf u/f];\ eGg] dfu ub{5 .
#= lzIff ljw]osnfO{ lnP/ z}lIfs If]qdf pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ jftf{ u/L
;dfwfg vf]Hg ;/sf/ / ljBfyL{ ju{ b'j}nfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;'emfj
lbG5 .
$= ;f+;b x]dgf/fo0f xTof sf08df ul7t ;+;bLo cfof]un] cfkm\gf]
k|ltj]bgdf s'g} cf/f]k gnufOPsf g]kfnL sfFu|]; l;/xfsf ;x;lrj
g/]z ofbj pk/ ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ lnP/ cfqmd0f ug]{, 3/ tf]8kmf]8 ug]{
/ df]6/ ;fOsn hnfpg] h:tf pR5[v+n sfo{ ePsf]df ;f] 36gfsf] lgGbf
ub}{ bf]ifL pk/ sf/jfxL / Ifltk"lt{ u/fpg g]kfnL sfFu|];
dfu ub{5 .
%= zflGt ;+emf}tf ;DkGg e};s]sf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf b]zsf
&% cf]6} lhNnfdf …zflGt cleofgÚ ;+rfng ug]{ /
;dfhaf6 eo x6fpg], hgtfsf] dgf]an p7fpg] p2]Zosf vflt/ g]kfnL
sfFu|];n] cfkm\gf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o / ;f+;b nufot s]Gb|Lo g]tfx?nfO{
lhNnfx?df v6fpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
c;f]h @!, @)^#
k|]; lj1lKt
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf] ;efkltTjdf g]kfnL
sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfh laxfg k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a:of] .
a}7sn] @)^# c;f]h & ut] tfKn]h'Ësf] 3'G;fdf ag tyf e"–;+/If0f
/fHodGqL Pj+ g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf k"j{ ;b:o
uf]kfn /fO{ ;lxt @$ hgf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o Voflt
k|fKt ljlzi6 JolQmTjx?— uf]kfn /fO{sL >LdtL ldgf /fO{,
ag tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf sf=d'=;lrj 8f=bfdf]b/ k/fh'nL,
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf dxflgb]{zs gf/fo0f
kf}8]n, jg ljefusf dxflgb]{zs z/b /fO{, k"j{ dxflgb]{zs 8f=tLy{dfg
df:s], ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf g]kfn k|ltlglw 8f= rGb|k|;fb u'?Ë,
ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= xs{ u'?Ë, ljZj jGohGt'
sf]if a]nfotsf ljz]if1 8f=lj1fg cfrfo{, jGohGt' sf]if g]kfnsf
sfo{qmd clws[t P;L nfdf, jGohGt' sf]if cd]l/sfsf ldªdfgf]a'{
z]kf{, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf ;b:o ljho >]i7, KCAMC sf
cWoIf bfjf l5l/ª, rfns bndf /l;ofsf b'O{ hgf lvd lsd / ;fk|mfgf]e
e]ln/L, SofK]6g ldªdf z]kf{, 6G8' >]i7 -lqmp_ g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf
;Djfbbftf x]d/fh e08f/L / Sofd/fd]g ;'lgn l;+x, g]kfnsf nflu lkmgNofG8sf
sfo{jfxs /fhb"t kfpnf] d':6f]g]g, cd]l/sL ;xfotf lgof]usf
lgb]{zs 8f=dfu{/]6 cn]sh]G8/, jGohGt' sf]if a]nfotsf ;+of]hs h]lge/
x]8\nL, a]nfotsf] jGohGt' sf]ifsf ;+/If0f lgb]{zs 8f= lhn af]lnª,
ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifsf DofYo' lk|; /xg' ePsf] >L Po/nfOG;sf]
x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfdf b'Mvb lgwg ePsf]df g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s ulx/f] b'Mv JoQm ub{5 / lbj+ut x'g'ePsf
ag tyf e"–;+/If0f /fHodGqL uf]kfn /fO{ nufot ;a}sf]
cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/k|lt xflb{s
;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-zf]efs/ k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
>fj0f
!&, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf]
;efkltTjdf g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] lxhf] >fj0f
!^ ut]b]lv a;]sf] a}7s cfh laxfg klg k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/,
sf7df8f}Fdf a:of] .
a}7sn]
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M
# g]kfnL
sfFu|];åf/f cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltnfO{ lgDg ;'emfj
lbg] lg0f{o u¥of] M
k|:tfjgfdf ;dfj]z x'g' kg]{
— :jtGq
/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf]
Pj+ /fHozlQmsf] >f]t s]jn g]kfnL hgtf /x]sf] zfZjt ;TonfO{
s]xL ;do cl3 ePsf] zflGtk"0f{ j[xt\ hgcfGbf]ngn] :yflkt u/]sf],
/
— g]kfnL
hgtfn] nf]stGq dfkm{t d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yflkt u/L hgtfsf] ;Dk|e'tfnfO{
;+:yfut ug{ rfx]sf] /
— g]kfnL
hgtfn] o; cl3 u/]sf] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] :yflkt u/]sf] dfgj
clwsf/, ljlwsf] zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, jflnu dtflwsf/df cfwfl/t
hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, lgikIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, jx'njfbL ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{
;'lglZrt ub}{ xfn} ;DkGg P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng / @)^# h]7 $ ut]sf]
k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cl3 a9\g cfjZos ePsf]n],
— ;+ljwfg
;efn] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff cg';f/sf] ;+ljwfg gagfp~h]n g]kfn
/fHosf] /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ o;} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg adf]lhd
k|of]u x'g] u/L xfdL g]kfnL hgtfsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglw ;efåf/f
of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff u/L nfu" u/]sf 5f}F .
cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf x''g'kg]{ d"ne"t ljifox? M
!= ;fj{ef}d
;Qf M /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t g]kfnL hgtf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d
;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 . o;sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@= df}lns
clwsf/ M -s_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& åf/f
k|Tofe"t ul/Psf ;a} clwsf/ sfod /fVb} j[xt\ hgcfGbf]ng -@)^#_
dfkm{t lj:tfl/t ul/Psf yk clwsf/x? ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
M -v_
dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL, ckf Ë nufot lk5l8Psf]
If]q Pj+ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ nufot ;a} ju{sf] clwsf/nfO{
lj:t[t t'NofOg]5 .
M -u_
hgcfGbf]ngsf] j]nfdf k|];n] v]n]sf] ljlzi6 e"ldsfnfO{ dWo
gh/ ub}{ ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] c+usf] ?kdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
:yflkt ul/g]5 / 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xs leq ;+rf/ dfWodsf] On]S6«f]lgs
/ l8lh6n dfWodsf] xs ;d]t ;'/lIft ul/g]5 .
#= zlQm
k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf]
u7g b]xfo adf]lhd ul/g]5 M
-s_ sfo{kflnsf
M -!_ ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL dlGqkl/ifb\df sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
lglxt x'g]5 .
-@_ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
u7g, lj36gsf] k|lqmof ;+;bleq ;Lldt /x]/ x'g]5 .
-v_ Joj:yflksf
M -!_ Joj:yflksLo ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;+;bn] k|of]u ug]{5
.
-@_ k|ltlglw;efåf/f
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qfsf] lg/Gt/tf sfod /xg] u/L
u7g x'g] ;+;bdf k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:ox?, /fli6«o ;efsf lgjf{lrt
;b:ox? / /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df yk ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ . ;f+;bsf]
;+Vof / lgjf{rg k|lqmof /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g]5
.
-#_ ;+;bsf]
lj36g ;+ljwfg ;efsf] nflu lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?sf] klxnf] a}7s z'?
ePkl5 x'g]5 . h'g ;efn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cltl/Qm ;+;bsf] sfd klg
ug]{5 .
-u_ Gofokflnsf
M -!_ Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|of]u sfg"g tyf
Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf cGo Goflos lgsfox?af6 k|of]u
ul/g]5 .
-@_ cbfntx?sf]
u7g / GofofwLzx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, ;]jf, zt{ tyf cg'zf;g avf{:t
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf xsdf ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf
lbOg]5 .
-#_ Gofo
kl/ifb\sf] xfnsf] Joj:yfdf b]xfo adf]lhd kl/jt{g ul/g]5 . Gofo
kl/ifb\df b]xfo adf]lhd cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]5g\ M–
-s_ k|wfg
GofofwLz — cWoIf
-v_ sfg"g
tyf Gofo dGqfno x]g]{ dGqL — ;b:o, /
-u_ k|wfg
GofofwLz kl5sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf
jl/i7
GofofwLz — ;b:o
-$_ k|wfg
GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifbn] ug]{5 .
-%_ Gofo
;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd
x'g]5 . Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cWoIf / ;b:ox? /xg]
u/L kl/jt{g ul/g]5 .
-s_ k|wfg
GofofwLz — cWoIf
-v_ sfg"g
tyf Gofo dGqfno x]g]{ dGqL — ;b:o, /
-u_ dxfGofoflwjQmf
— ;b:o
-3_ cGo
;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf M -!_ /fhkl/ifb\, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb
jfx]s cGo ljBdfg ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf sfod /xg]5g\ . ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\åf/f
ul/g] lgo'lQmx? dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{5 .
$= ;]gf
M -s_ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+u7g ;dfj]zL / /fli6«o :j?ksf]
x'g]5 .
-v_ g]kfnL
;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps
/fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ /xg]5 .
-u_ g]kfnL
;]gfsf] k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{5 .
-3_ ;]gf
kl/rfng ;DaGwL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o tL; lbgleq ;+;bn] tf]s]sf]
Joj:yf adf]lhd cg'df]bg x'g' kg]{5 .
%= lgjf{rg
k4lt M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu xfn k|rlnt
k|yd x'g]n] ljhoL x'g] (First past the post) cfwf/df k|ToIf lgjf{rg
/ clu|d ;"lrs[t ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] ldl>t lgjf{rg
k4ltsf cfwf/df lgjf{rg ul/g]5 .
-@_ k|ToIf
lgjf{rg / ;dfg'kfltssf] cg'kft 5'6\ofpFbf a/fa/sf] ;+Vofdf lgjf{lrt
k|ltlglw
5'6\ofOg]5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg
If]q / lgjf{lrt ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5
.
-$_ k|ToIf
?kdf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?sf cltl/Qm lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf /fhg}lts
bnx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] dt k|ltztsf cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L–hghflt,
dw]zL ;d'bfox?sf] hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 . lk5l8Psf]
e"efu, k]zfsdL{, ckfË, cNk;+Vos, gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:ox?sf]
;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 .
-%_ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ag]sf] cGtl/d ;/sf/n] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]sf]
ldltn] Ps jif{ leq ;DkGg u/fOg]5 .
^= /fhf
M /fhfsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;efn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd x'g]5
. xfnsf nflu k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff, @)^# / tbg'?k ePsf] Joj:yf
cg';f/ x'g]5 .
&=
gful/stf M ;'ne 9+un] gful/stf lbnfpg] k|aGw
ldnfOg]5 .
@)$&
;fn sflQ{s @# ut]nfO{ :yfoL gful/stf kfpg] cfwf/ ldlt sfod ul/g]5
. lgDg cfwf/df gful/stf k|bfg ul/g]5 M
-s_ ldlt
@)$&÷&÷@# cl3 hlGdPsf] jf g]kfndf :yfoL
a;f]af; u/]sf JolQm,
-:ki6Ls/0f—
a;f]af; u/]sf] eGgfn] JolQm;Fu /x]sf] tt\;DaGwL s'g} k|df0f jf
:yfgLo txdf ePsf] ;/hldgnfO{ hgfpF5 ._
-v_ j+zhsf
gftfsf] JolQm -o;df jfj' jf cfdf hf] eP klg g]kfnL eP kof{Kt x'g]5_
-u_ c+lus[t
?kn] gful/stf k|fKt JolQm / ltgsf g]kfndf :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf
;Gtfg .
-3_ u}/
cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?n] g]kfnL gful/stf lng rfx]df gful/stf lbOg]5
. t/ o:tf JolQmsf xsdf sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf zt{x? kfngf
u/]sf] x''g' kg]{5 .
*= /fhg}lts
bn ;DaGwL Joj:yf M /fhg}lts bn ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf
b]xfo adf]lhd ul/g]5 M–
-s_ ;dfg
/fhg}lts p2]Zo / sfo{qmddf k|ltj4 JolQmx?n] zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf
;+ljwfgsf] cGo Joj:yfsf clwgdf /xL cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ /fhg}lts
bn vf]Ng, ;+rfng ug{, hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{sf]
nflu To;sf] k|rf/, k|;f/ ug{, u/fpg / To:tf cGo sfo{ ug{ u/fpg
;Sg]5g\ . To:tf s'g} sfo{df s'g} k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L ePsf] Joj:yf
jf lg0f{o ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'g] / cdfGo x'g]5 .
-v_ s'g}
Pp6} /fhgLlts ;+u7g jf bn jf Ps} lsl;dsf] ljrf/wf/f ePsf] JolQmx?n]
dfq lgjf{rg jf b]zsf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf efu lng jf ;lDdlnt x'g
kfpg] u/L hf/L ePsf] sfg"g jf ul/Psf] s'g} Joj:yf jf lg0f{o
;+ljwfg k|lts"n / cdfGo x'g]5 .
-u_ ax'njfbL
rl/qdf cf:yf k|s6 gug]{ /fhg}lts bn jf wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hft, hflt
jf lx+;fsf] cfwf/df ul7t /fhg}lts ;+u7g jf bnnfO{ lgjf{rg cfof]un]
bnsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] 5}g .
-3_ /fhgLlts
bnn] lgjf{rgsf] nflu dfGotf k|fKt ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] tf]s]sf]
sfo{ljlw cg';f/ lgjf{rg cfof]udf bn btf{ u/fpFbf b]xfosf] zt{
k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 M
-!_ bnsf]
ljwfg / lgod nf]stflGqs x'g' kb{5 . bnsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ / k|aGw
kf/bzL{ / sfg"g ;Ddt\ x'g' kb{5 .
-@_ ;f]
bnsf] ljwfg adf]lhd slDtdf kfFr jif{ leq Ps k6s bnsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
(= ;+s6sfnLg
clwsf/ M ;+s6sflng clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff dlGqkl/ifbn] ug]{5
/ # dlxgfleq ;+;bn] To;sf] cg'df]bg ug]{5 .
!)= ;'/Iff
;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL
;]gfsf] lgikIftf k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .
-@_ of]
;+ljwfg hf/L x'g' eGbf cufl8 jf k5fl8 s'g} klg /fhgLlts bn jf
;+u7g;Fu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;Dj4 ;}Go zlQm / xfyxltof/ cl:tTjdf
/xg] 5}gg\ .
-#_ eo
/lxt / lgikIf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf ldnfOg]5
.
!!= g]kfn
/fHo M g]kfn Ps ax'hflto, ax'eflifs, nf]stflGqs, :jtGq,
cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fHo xf] .
!@= wd{
M -!_ s'g} klg wd{ k|lt e]b\efj gug]{ g]kfn Ps wd{ lg/k]If
/fHo x'g]5 .
-@_ wd{sf
;DaGwdf k|To]s g]kfnLn] cf–cfˆgf cf:yf / ljZjf; cg'?k wfld{s :jtGqtf
pkef]u ug]{, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf k|j4{g ug]{, s;}nfO{ klg lghsf OR5f
lj?4 wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ug{] u/L sfg"gL k|aGw
ldnfOg]5 .
!#= /fli6«o
ufg M g]kfnL hgtfsf] zlQmnfO{ efjgfTds ?kdf PsLs[t u/L
/fli6«otfsf] ;+j4{g / d'n'snfO{ /fli6«o nIo tkm{ s]Gb|Lt
ub}{ /fi6«sf] efjgf, ;+:s[lt / ljljwtfk"0f{ k/Dk/f
;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jfledfg, Pstf / b]zk|]dsf] efjgfnfO{
d'v/Lt ug]{ u/L /fli6«o ufgsf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g' cfjZos 5
.
!$= efiff
M -!_ g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6« efiff xf] / of]
;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff /xg]5 .
-@_ g]kfnsf
ljleGg efudf af]lng] /fli6«o efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g
ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .
-#_ ljBfno
tx;Dd dft[efiffdf lzIff k|bfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 .
-$_ g]kfnL
efiffsf cltl/Qm If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf af]lng] /fli6«o efiff
;d]t If]qLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfdsfh / ;Dks{ efiff x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
!%= /fHosf]
lgb]{zs l;4fGt M
-s_ pTkLl8t
ju{ M cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] lgtfGt kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL,
b'u{djf;L, cflbjf;L, hghflt Pj+ ljleGg hfthflt, ckfË, cNk;+Vos
;d'bfox? / ljkGg ju{nfO{ /fHon] k|To]s cj;/df ;dfg'kflts ?kn]
ljz]if Joj:yf u/]/ pTyfg ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{5 .
-v_ dlxnf
k|ltlglwTjM /fHo / kf6L{sf ljleGg txdf ## k|ltzt;Dd dlxnfnfO{
:yfg lbOg] gLlt c+lusf/ ul/g]5 .
-u_ 6«]8
o'lgog M >dhLjL hgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 6«]8
o'lgog clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .
-3_ åGå
kLl8t M hgcfGbf]ng tyf ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf d[To' ePsf
jf xTof ul/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/x? / åGådf kl/ ljleGg
?kn] c+ue+u tyf cfxt / lj:Yflkt x'g k'u]sf kLl8t JolQmx?nfO{ /fxt
k|bfg ug{ hLjgofkgsf] k|aGw tyf ljleGg ;x'lnot / cj;/ k|bfg u/L
;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
!^= cGtl/d
;+ljwfg kfl/t ug]{ lgsfo
-!_ dlGqkl/ifb\
dfkm{t cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k|ltlglw;efdf k]z u/L b'O{ ltxfO{
ax'dtaf6 kfl/t u/L hf/L ul/g]5 .
-@_ cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ k/]df ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 ;+zf]wg
ul/g]5 .
!&=
afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ M of] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{5 . To; afwf c8sfp km'sfPsf] k|:tfj #) lbgleq
;+;båf/f cg'df]bg u/fOg]5 .
ljz]if
;'emfj M /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf /fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t
9fFrfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L / yk ;dfj]zL /fHosf] lgdf{0f ;+ljwfg;efn]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . k'g;{+/rgfsf] cfwf/ e"agf]6,
hg;+Vof, efiff, cfly{s cGt/;DaGw / ;f+:s[lts, ;fd'bflos klxrfg
cflbnfO{ d'Vo ?kn] agfpg' kg]{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos tof/Lsf lglDt
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lj1x?sf] /fli6«o cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g]5
.
# df]ltofljGb'sf]
zNolqmof ;DaGwL g]kfndf ljsl;t k|ljlw cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k'¥ofpg
7"nf] ;xof]u u/] jfkt o; k6ssf] cGt/f{li6«o /fdf]g
Dofu;];] k'/:sf/ ltnu+uf cfFvf c:ktfnsf lgb]{zs Pj+ cfFvf /f]u
ljz]if1 8f= ;Gb's ?OtnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]df s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf]
of] a}7s pxfFdf xflb{s awfOF 1fkg ub{5 .
# g]kfnL
sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s ef]ln >fj0f !* ut] ck/fGX
$ ah] k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf k'gM a:g]5 .
-zf]efs/
k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=
d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
h]i7
^, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf]
;efkltTjdf k|wfgdGqL lgjf;, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}Fdf cfh a;]sf]
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf]
5 M
!=
oxL Ho]i7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;efsf] P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff—@)^# n] g]kfndf
Ps gofF o'usf] k|f/De u/]sf] 5 . ca g]kfnL hgtf k"0f{ ?kn]
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ / g]kfnsf] efUo lgdf{0fsf] ;Dk"0f{
lhDd]jf/L ca g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}n] jxg ug]{ 5g\ . g]kfnL hgtfn]
k|fKt u/]sf] of] dxfg pknAwLsf] ;|f]t g]kfnL hgtf x'g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{
x[bo+ud ub}{ cfhsf] of] a}7s ;uj{ o;sf] :jfut / ;dy{g ub{5 .
@=
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf clwsf/x?sf] lgjf{w k|of]u
ub}{ lbuf] zflGtsf kIfdf z;St 9+un] k|s6 u/]sf] hgfb]z :yflkt
ePsf] of] gofF nf]stflGqs jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;jf]{kl/ bfloTj xf] . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;d]t cfkm" /
cfˆgf ultljlwnfO{ of] hgfb]zsf] kl/lwleq /fVg} k5{ .
of]
P]ltxfl;s ;TonfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{—
bjfj, lx+;f / eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf :jtGq clwsf/
pkof]u ug{, pBdL–Joj;foLx?n] :jtGq / lgjf{w 9+un] Joj;fo ;+rfng
ug{ kfpg' k5{ . To;}n] ank"j{s rGbf ;+sng ug]{, ;DklQ x/0f
ug]{, kmf}hL jlb{ / xlyof/sf] k|bz{g ug{] h:tf sfo{ tTsfn /f]Sg
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] of] a}7s g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu cfu|x ub{5
. ;fy}, u|fdL0f / sltko zx/L e]udf ;d]t cfwf/e"t ;]jf / ;'ljwfaf6
nuftf/ jl~rt eO{ /fv]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ tTsfn
cGt u/L hgtfnfO{ ;/sf/åf/f k|bfg ul/g] cfwf/e"t ;]jf
/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{tkm{ klg ;/sf/n] cljnDj kxn u/f];\ eGg] cfu|x
ub{5 .
oL
;du| kIfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ub}{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg ug]{ lbzfdf ;/sf/n] g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu zL3| jftf{
k|lqmof k|f/De u/]/ ;kmn kl/0fltdf k'¥ofpg g]kfnL sfFu|];
cfu|x ub{5 .
#=
;ft bn / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/Lsf] dfcf]jfbL
kIfaf6 o;sf] cIf/ / efjgf cg'?k k"0f{tM kfngf gePsf]tkm{
g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg rfxG5
. hjh{:tL sAhf ul/Psf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf tyf kf6L{sf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x?sf]
3/–hUuf cem} lkmtf{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lj:yflktx?n] cfˆgf]
3/–kl/jf/df k'gM kmls{g] kl/l:ylt cem} ag]sf] 5}g . t;y{ g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf] of] a}7s !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/LnfO{ lgi7fk"j{s kfngf
ug{ g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ hf]8bf/ cfu|x ub{5 .
$=
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s ef]ln Ho]i7 &
ut] ck/fGx # ah] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, ;fg]kfdf
k'gM a:g]5 .
-zf]efs/
k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=
d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
j}zfv
!#, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf pk;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfHo"sf] ;efkltTjdf
kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL=:d[lt ejg, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/df cfh
a;]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 M
-!_
;/sf/ / ;+;bdf ul/g] k|d'v lg0f{ox?sf ;DaGwdf ;ft /fhgLlts bnx?åf/f
;Dkfbg ul/g] ;+o'Qm lg0f{o af/] ;'emfj lbg] p2]Zon] lgDgfg';f/
cGt/kf6L{ ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
dxfdGqL
>L /fdrGb| kf}8]n — ;+of]hs
;xdxfdGqL
8f= /fdz/0f dxt — ;b:o
s]Gb|Lo
;b:o >L dx]z cfrfo{ — ;b:o
k|jQmf
>L s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf — ;b:o
s]Gb|Lo
;b:o >L lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" — ;b:o
-@_
;+;bLo lqmofsnfkx? / sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf ;+;bLo bndf ;'emfj lbg lgDgfg';f/sf]
;+;bLo sfo{ljlw ;Dkfbg ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
5 .
s]Gb|Lo
;b:o >L ljgoWjh rGb — ;+of]hs
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o >L lbnaxfb'/ 3tL{ — ;b:o
>L cfgGbk|;fb 9'+ufgf — ;b:o
>L tfl/0fLbQ r6f}t — ;b:o
>L j]g'k/fh k|;fO{ — ;b:o
-zf]efs/
k/fh'nL_
sf=d'= d'Vo ;lrj
____________________________________________________
j}zfv
!@, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf] ;efkltTjdf
pxfFsf] lgjf;:yfg dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}Fdf cfh a;]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|];
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M
-!_
g]kfnL sfFu|]; s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] of] a}7s P]ltxfl;s jt{dfg
;+o'Qm hg–cfGbf]ngdf hgtfåf/f cleJoQm efjgf / ;ft /fhgLlts
bnsf] dfu{lrq cg';f/ lx+;fTds åGb nufot b]zsf ;du| ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ /fhfsf] lxhf] a}zfv !!
ut]sf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf u|x0f ub}{ k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bdf
uP/ ;ft bnsf] dfu{lrq / dfcf]jfbL;Fu ePsf] !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/L cg'?k
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg nufot d'nsnfO{ k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] dfu{df
b[9tfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] k|ltj4tf
JoQm ub{5 .
-@_
o; dxfg hg–cfGbf]ngdf ;xfbt k|fKt ug]{ aL/ zxLbx?k|lt >4f~hnL
JoQm ub}{, zxLb kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub}{ of] a}7s cfGbf]ngsf
3fOt] / ljleGg ?kaf6 cfxt JolQmx?k|lt ;xfg'e"lt ;d]t k|s6
ub{5 . zxLbk|lt xflb{s ;Ddfgsf ;fy pgsf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ plrt
/fxt lbnfpg g]kfnL sfFu|]; k|oTgzLn /xg]5 . of] cfGbf]ngn] k|fKt
u/]sf] ;kmntf ltg} dxfg ;k'tx?sf] alnbfgsf] kl/0ffd xf] . cfh
ljxfg dfq klg kfª uf=lj=;=, kj{tsf g]kfnL sfFu|];sf lqmofzLn
;b:o uf]ljGbgfy zdf{ kf}8]nn] kf]v/f c:ktfndf ;xfbt k|fKt ug'{
ePsf] 5 . pxfFnfO{ j}zfv * df kj{tdf ;'/IffsdL{åf/f uf]nL
k|xf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . of] a}7s pxfFk|lt >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{
pxfFsf zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/df xflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 .
-#_
b]zsf] df}h'bf h6Ln kl/l:yltdf cfˆgf lhDd]jf/Lx?nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
;fdgf / ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg] k|0f ub}{ ;ft bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?sf]
a}7sn] cfh kfl/t u/]sf k|:tfjx?nfO{ of] a}7s ;dy{g ub{5 / ltgsf]
sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmo /xg] c7f]6 ub{5 .
-$_
cfh} cfGbf]ng/t\ ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf ;a} g]tfx?sf] ;j{;Ddltn] g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ ca aGg] ;j{bnLo
;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{ cfu|x u/]sf]df pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ k|s6
ub}{ of] a}7s wGojfb lbG5 .
-%_
zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;kmntf hgcfGbf]ngdf
;xfbt k|fKt ug'{ x'g] zxLbx?sf] alnbfg, xhf/f}F 3fOt]x?sf] of]ubfg
/ ljleGg k]zf, Joj;fo tyf tKsfsf cfb/0fLo hg;d'bfosf] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u,
;dy{g tyf ;xeflutfsf] kl/0ffd xf] . o; cj;/df xfdL cfb/0fLo zxLbx?k|lt
>4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5f}F, zxLbsf kl/jf/hgk|lt ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}F
tyf 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5f}F / pxfFx?sf] ;DaGwdf
xfdLn] k6s–k6s JoQm u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|ltj4tfnfO{ cljnDj sfof{Gjog
ug]{ 3f]if0ff ub{5f}F . xfdL cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u, ;dy{g
tyf ;xeflutf hgfpg' x'g] dhb'/, ls;fg, kqsf/, sfg"g Joj;foL,
dfgjclwsf/sdL{, sd{rf/L, k|fWofks, 8fS6/, g;{, Ol~hlgo/, lzIfs,
;flxTosf/, snfsdL{, rnlrqsdL{, o'jf, ljBfyL{, v]nf8L,
dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, blnt, k|j'4 gful/s ;dfh,
k]zfsdL{, ;fdflhs tyf ;fd'bflos ;+3–;+:yf, pBdL, Jofkf/L, k|jf;L
g]kfnL nufot ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F
. o; cj;/df xfdL hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u, ;dy{g / ;xeflutf hgfpg'
x'g] ;a} /fhgLlts bn tyf o;sf eft[ ;+u7gsf g]tf, sfo{stf{ tyf
z'elrGtsx?nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .
-^_
hg–cfGbf]ngsf] k|f/lDes sfnb]lv g} xfdLn] cfˆgf] dfu{lrq hg;dIf
k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5f}F . To;k|lt xfdL ;b}j k|ltj4 /xg] 5f}F / xfd|f]
cfufdL lbgsf k|To]s sbd To;}af6 lgb]{lzt /xg] 5g\ . ;ft bnsf]
dfu{lrq / bn dfcf]jfbL aLrsf] !@ j'Fbfsf] ;dembf/L cg'?k d'n'ssf]
;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ lbzfdf k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{
pknAwL ePsf] 5 . of] k'g:yf{kgfn] vf]l;Psf clwsf/x? zflGtk"0f{
?kdf hgtfdf x:tfGt/0f ePsf 5g\ . ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ub}{,
dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;Djfb ug]{ / ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf
hfg k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bn] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{5 . To;sf nflu zflGtk"0f{
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ lbzfdf ;xof]u / ;dy{g ug{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; dfcf]jfbLx?nfO{
xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5 . !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df zflGtk"0f{
hgcfGbf]ngdf u/]sf] ;dy{g Pj+ ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5 .
-&_
k"0f{ nf]stGq k|flKtsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngnfO{
;dy{g ug'{ x'g] ;a} ldq/fi6«x?, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3,
;f];lni6 OG6/g]zgn, s'6g}lts lgof]u, bft[ ;+:yf nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfok|lt xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}F / g]kfndf
lbuf] zflGtsf] :yfkgf, nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{x?df lg/Gt/ ;xof]usf lgldQ cfu|x ub{5f}F .
-*_
g]kfnaf6 ef/t, cd]l/sf, a]nfot, o'/f]ksf ljleGg d'n'sx?, hfkfg,
xªsª, sf]l/of, vf8L /fi6«x? nufot ljZjsf ljleGg
d'n'sx?df /x]/ ljljw sfd Joj;fodf ;+nUg g]kfnLx?n] g]kfnsf] nf]stGq
k|flKtsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf u/]sf] ;dy{g, ;xof]u / ;xeflutfk|lt g]kfnL
sfFu|]; xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 .
-(_
ljleGg dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3÷;+u7gn] hgcfGbf]ngdf u/]sf]
;dy{g Pj+ ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL sfFu|]; wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 . ;fy}
zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf cj;/df /fHokIfaf6 ul/Psf bdg /f]Sg
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ pRr cfof]u nufot cGt/f{li6«o
;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] k|of;nfO{ ;d]t g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s wGojfb lbg
rfxG5 .
-s[i0fk|;fb
l;6f}nf_
k|jQmf
____________________________________________________
j}zfv
(, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf ;efklt >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfHo"sf] ;efkltTjdf
pxfFsf] lgjf;:yfg dxf/fhu~h, sf7df8f}Fdf cfh a;]sf] g]kfnL sfFu|];
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M
!=
g]kfnL hgtfn] o;kfnLsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf k|s6 u/]sf] ce"tk"j{
k|bz{gnfO{ cfTd;ft gu/L /fhfåf/f lxhf] ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffn]
kl/jt{gsf/L hgtfsf] efjgf / ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] nIo
/ dfu{lrqnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g . k|ltlglw;efsf] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{
/ o;sf] lg0f{on] ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] u7g, dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ / ;xdltsf
cfwf/df cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/]/ dfq hgcfGbf]ngsf]
nIo / dfu{lrqnfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg]5 eGg] cfˆgf] c8fgnfO{ k|i6
ug{ rfxG5f}F .
o;sf]
cfwf/df ;ft bnn] dfcf]jfbL;Fu !@ j'Fb] ;dembf/L u/]sf] s'/f klg
k'gM k|i6\ofpg rfxG5f}F . pNn]lvt p2]Zosf vflt/ hgcfGbf]ngnfO{
zflGtk"0f{, clx+;fTds 9+un] lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpg b]zjf;L ;Dk"0f{
lbbLalxgL, bfh'efOx?df cfu|x ub{5f}F .
@=
o; 38Ldf xfd|f ldq/fi6« nufot cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf
;Dk"0f{ ldqx?nfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] jf:tljs efjgf / d'n'ssf]
;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ x[bo+ud ub}{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] pNn]lvt nIo / dfu{lrqdf
;dy{g u/L /fVg g]kfnL sfFu|]; cfu|x ub{5 .
#=
of] hgcfGbf]ngdf /fi6«sf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] ;+nUgtfk|lt
g]kfnL sfFu|]; uf}/jsf ;fy hgtfnfO{ clejfbg ub{5 / o;df x/]s ju{
Pj+ x/]s k]zfsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?— 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/, sfg"gljb\,
kqsf/, ljQLo ;+:yf, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf lghfdlt ;]jfsf sd{rf/L,
gful/s ;dfhsf k|j'4 ju{, dfgj clwsf/sdL{, ljBfyL{, dlxnf, ls;fg,
dhb"/, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, pBdL, Jofkf/L, cflbjf;L hghftL
k|e[lt ;a}sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf of] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng b]zel/
;+rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu cfd g]kfnL hg;d'bfonfO{ xflb{s
wGojfb lb+b} cfufdL cfGbf]ngdf cem a9L ;xof]u, ;dy{g / ;xeflutfsf
nflu ;fb/ cfu|x ub{5 .
$=
of] a}7s hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf ePsf zxLbx?k|lt >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{
zxLbsf kl/jf/hgdf ;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5 . ;fy} 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yo
nfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
%=
xfd|f] of] k"0f{tM zflGtk"0f{ / clx+;fTds hgcfGbf]ng
ef8\g ;/sf/n] ljleGg tTjx? 3';k}7 u/fP/ lx+;fTds u/fpg] k|oTg
u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;hu e} zflGtk"0f{ t'NofP/ cl3 a9fpg
;Dk"0f{ hfu?s hgtfnfO{ g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s ckLn ub{5 .
^=
/fi6« / ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] p4f/sf nflu rln/x]sf] of] cfGbf]ngsf
qmddf s'g} lsl;dsf] hg bdgdf gpqg b]zsf kx/]bf/ ;Dk"0f{ ;'/IffsdL{x?nfO{
g]kfnL sfFu|]; ckLn ub{5 .
-s[i0fk|;fb
l;6f}nf_
k|jQmf
____________________________________________________
j}zfv
!, @)^#
k|];
lj1lKt
g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf pk;efklt >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] ;efkltTjdf s]Gb|Lo
sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfh kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, aL=kL= :d[lt ejg,
aL=kL=gu/, ;fg]kfdf a:of] . a}7sn] lgDg lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M
!=
gofF jif{ @)^# sf] cj;/df /fhfåf/f b]zjf;Lsf gfpFdf lbOPsf]
;Gb]zn] hg cfjfh / /fi6« ;fd' ljs/fn aGb} uPsf] uDeL/ ;+s6nfO{
s'g} klg ?kn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ d'n's hgcfGbf]ngdf
xf]ldPsf] cj:yfdf hgtfaf6 cfPsf cfjfhsf] 3f]/ pk]Iff / lt/:sf/
u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ pTsif{tkm{ cl3 al9/x]sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ cem ;zQm
/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] cl3 a9fpg cfd g]kfnL lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx?df
g]kfnL sfFu|]; xflb{s cfu|x ub{5 .
cfGbf]ngnfO{
lg:t]h agfpg u[xdGqL nufot ;/sf/L kIfaf6 hgcfGbf]ngsf 36sx? /
hg;d'bfo aLr e|d l;h{gf ug]{ yk b'ik|of;sf] ;d]t g]kfnL sfFu|];
3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 .
@=
hgcfGbf]ngdf lg/+s'z zfxL ;Qfaf6 ePsf] kfzljs Pj+ h3Go g/;+xf/sf]
cufl8 lgle{stfsf ;fy pleP/ /fi6« / nf]stGqsf nflu cfkm"nfO{
;dk{0f ug]{ tL aL/ zxLbx?nfO{, nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] k|]/0ffk'~hsf]
?kdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ln+b} pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL ck{0f
ub{5 . o; qmddf cToGt qm"/ bdgdf 3fOt] x'g]x? ;a}nfO{, pxfFx?sf]
b]z k|]d / nf]stGqk|ltsf] lgi7fsf] ;/fxgf ub{5 . ;fy} of] a}7s
pxfFx?sf] zL3| :jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{5 .
#=
lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / k"0f{ nf]stGq jxfnLsf nflu ;ft /fhgLlts
bnx?åf/f b]zJofkL ?kdf xfn ;+rflnt zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm
hgcfGbf]ngdf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf, sfo{stf{, 8fS6/, Ol~hlgo/,
sfg"gljb\, kqsf/, ljQLo ;+:yf, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg tyf lghfdlt
;]jfsf sd{rf/L, gful/s ;dfhsf k|j'4 ju{, dfgj clwsf/sdL{, ljBfyL{,
dlxnf, ls;fg, dhb"/, ;flxTosf/, snfsf/, pBdL, Jofkf/L, cflbjf;L
hghftL nufot ;j} k]zf / Joj;fosf hg;d'bfox?sf] pT;fxk"0f{
;xeflutf, ;xof]u, ;dy{g /x]sf]df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] of] a}7s xflb+s
wGojfb / cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . k"0f{ nf]stGq axfnLsf] of] cfGbf]ng
3f]lift nIo k|fKt geOGh]n;Dd lg/Gt/ hfl/ /xg]5 .
$=
cfh lghL, u}/ ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos, ;/sf/L Pj+ cw{ ;/sf/L ;a} If]qx?
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? ;d]t cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf
plePsf] o; cj:yfdf ;'/Iff lgsfodf /x]sf /fi6« ;]jsx?af6
zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf aa{/ zlQmsf] k|of]u x'g' b'ef{Uo xf]
. ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ ;fj{ef}d Pj+ :jfledfgL agfpg] nIo lnPsf]
of] cfGbf]ng ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] klg cfTd ;Ddfg / dof{bfsf] nflu
nlIft 5 . t;y{ ;'/IffsdL{x?nfO{ unt cfb]zsf] cj1f u/L zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf hg;d'bfonfO{ cg'lrt 9+un] an k|of]u gug{ g]kfnL
sfFu|]; xflb{s ckLn ub{5 .
%=
g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] of] a}7s cfdx8\tfnsf sf/0f ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf
kg{ uPsf] b'Mv Pj+ si6sf nflu Ifdfk|fyL{ 5 . ;fy} tkfO{x?sf] Tofu
Pj+ alnbfgaf6 pTsif{df k'Ug nfu]sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ lg/+s'z
/fhtGqnfO{ ;dfKt kf/L nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf ug{ ljutdf h:t} cfufdL
lbgdf klg cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 lg/Gt/ alnbfgL ;xof]usf nflu g]kfnL
sfFu|]; xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5 .
-zf]efs/
k/fh'nL_
sf=d'=
d'Vo ;lrj
|